Bar, Ukraine
City in Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Bar (Ukrainian: Бар; Polish: Bar; Russian: Бар) is a town located on the Riv River in Vinnytsia Oblast, Central Ukraine. It was the administrative center of the former Bar Raion until 2020, and is part of the historic region of Podolia. The town's estimated population is 15,337 (2022 estimate).[1]
This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. (May 2020) |
Bar
Бар | |
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Coordinates: 49°04′30″N 27°40′34″E | |
Country | Ukraine |
Oblast | Vinnytsia Oblast |
Raion | Zhmerynka Raion |
Hromada | Bar urban hromada |
First mentioned | 1401 (as Rov castle) |
Magdeburg law | 1540 |
City rights | 1938 |
Named for | Bari in Italy |
Government | |
• City Head | Artur Anatoliyovych Tsitsyurs'ky |
Area | |
• Total | 5.95 km2 (2.30 sq mi) |
Population (2022) | |
• Total | 15,337 |
• Density | 2,600/km2 (6,700/sq mi) |
Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
Postal code | 23000-23005 |
Area code | +380-4341 |
Sister cities | Kwidzyn in Poland, Bari in Italy |
Website | http://www.bar-city.gov.ua/ |
Bar began as a small trade outpost known as Rov, within the Duchy of Podolia in the 13th century. Rov was noted for the first time in 1401.[2] In 1537, the Polish Queen Bona Sforza renamed the settlement Bar, after her hometown of Bari, Italy.[2] Bar's highest mountain was renamed after Queen Sforza in 2018 to commemorate her role in naming the town.[3] In 1540, King Sigismund I the Old of Poland granted the nearby town city rights.[4]
In the 1630s, Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan built a fortress in Bar and made note of the town his book Description d'Ukranie.[2][5][6] The Bar fortress was besieged several times in its history. In 1648, during the Khmelnytsky Uprising, was captured by Cossacks led by Maxym Kryvonis and was severely damaged.[citation needed]
Bar as a town was described by a number of travelers and historians, including Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan[7][8][circular reference] in 1650, Evliya Çelebi[9][10] in 1656, and Ulrich von Werdum[11][12][circular reference] in August 1671.
In 1672, Bar was captured by the Ottoman Empire and became a seat of the sanjak in Podolia Eyalet with nahiyas of Bar, Dırajna, Zinkuv and Popovçi.[13] On November 12, 1674, the town and the fortress were liberated by John III of Poland after a four-day siege. However, the Ottomans would then recapture the city in 1675 and hold it until 1686, with nominal control through 1699.
On February 29, 1768, the Bar Confederation, an alliance of Polish nobles, was founded by Adam Krasiński, Bishop of Kamenets, Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł, Casimir Pulaski, Moritz Benyowszki and Michał Krasiński within the Bar fortress.[14][15] After the Second Partition of Poland, the town was ceded to the Russian Empire and made part of the Podolia Governorate.
After 1922, Bar became part of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic within the USSR.[16][17] In 1991, following the fall of the Soviet Union, the town became part of the independent Ukraine.[18][19]
The town had a historical Jewish population, with 3,869 Jews within the city in 1939.[20][21][22] On July 16, 1941, during World War II, Nazi Germany occupied the town and established ghettos, killing many of Bar's Jewish residents.[20] In 1999, there was an estimated Jewish population of 199.[20][23]
Bar currently has two large memorials situated within the city center, which are dedicated to those killed during WWII.
City historic museum
Bar has a museum which documents the city's history.[24][25] The museum includes an exhibits on topics such as Queen Bona Sforza, Ukrainian culture, and the WWII era.[24][26] It attracts both domestic and foreign visitors. The museum's collection includes historical clothing, ceramics, coins, and other artifacts.[27]
Bar ceramics national museum
Bar has the Bar ceramics national museum.[28][29] There is also a virtual exhibition with the 3D views on the Bar's ceramic authentic exhibits.[30][31][32] The Bar's ceramics museum's contemporary exhibits collection is created by the potters from Bar, Ukraine.[33] The museum has hosted scientific conferences, where research reports were presented with a goal to revive the Bar's ceramics in Bar, Ukraine.[34][35][36]
Bar Fortress historic site
The town has a historic site centered around the Bar Fortress, originally built in 1537[37][38] and later re-designed by Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan.[39] The fortress currently stands in ruins. The fortress was built on the Riv River, and the historic site is now surrounded by historic religious buildings, including cathedrals.[5] The site also includes trails surrounded by trees.
Reconstruction of the fortress was proposed at the 3rd International Scientific Conference, Bar's Land, Podill'ya: European Heritage and Innovative Development Perspectives, in Bar in 2014.[40]
Climate
Per the Köppen climate classification, Bar has a humid continental climate. Bar's district was historically used to grow apples.[citation needed]
Winters in Bar are relatively cold, with snow. The early spring is generally warm, while the summer is sunny and humid. Autumn in Bar is generally characterized by clouds and rain, with precipitation being caused by Atlantic hurricanes.
The town has instituted several programs to combat climate change, including the introduction of a waste management program, the optimization of public transportation, the minimization of air pollution by industrial plants, the thermal isolation of buildings, encouragement of bicycle transportation, and support of renewable energy initiatives.[41]
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Cityscape
The city spans around 1,387 hectares (3,430 acres). The Bar district area is around 1,102 square kilometres (425 square miles). The maximum altitude above sea level is 368.8 metres (1,210 feet). [citation needed]
The central part of the city has a number of the historical cathedrals and the modern architecture buildings.[42][43] There is a central square with a fountain, which is surrounded by the history museum, cinema, culture palace, trade center, modern hotel, city library, employment center building and some other governmental buildings in the downtown.
There is a sport stadium for football, basketball, volleyball in the center of the city. There is a swimming pool building not far away from the stadium. The local football team plays the football games at the stadium regularly. The pop music performances by various artists from Ukraine take place at the stadium from time to time.
The main educational institutions, including the Humanitarian-Pedagogical College and the Automobiles and Roads College are situated in close proximity to the downtown. Also, there are many secondary schools in the central district in the city.
The modern big residential apartments buildings, made of the red and white bricks, can be found around the city.
The Bar city library, which is located in a modern architecture building, has a digital library with Internet access.
Bar is known as a little piece of Italy in Ukraine[44]
Historical population
The Bar city's total population was around 3,341 in 1850, increasing to 16,442 by 2013 approximately.[45] [46]
The historical population is accurately characterized in the following chart:
Historic population data in Bar | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | Total population | Ukrainian-speaking | Russian-speaking | Orthodox | Catholic | Other | Jewish | Islamic | No religion given | Ukrainian | Non-Ukrainian |
1850 | 3,341 | 1,041 | 2,000 | 3,000 | 0,341 | ||||||
1870 | 6,000 | 2,709 | 3,506 | 3,901 | 2,450 | ||||||
1891 | 13,761 | 13,200 | 0,561 | 12,000 | 1,561 | 0,100 | 0,100 | 13,500 | 0,261 | ||
1900 | 9,735 | 1,170 | 7,761 | 4,495 | 4,987 | 0,191 | 0,105 | 5,837 | 3,898 | ||
1910 | 11,524 | 1,456 | 8,669 | 5,324 | 5,547 | 0,426 | 0,217 | 6,743 | 4,781 | ||
1930 | 12,412 | 1,871 | 9,305 | 4,953 | 6,601 | 0,458 | 0,222 | 9,269 | 3,142 | ||
1950 | 14,547 | 2,060 | 11,131 | 5,855 | 7,483 | 0,616 | 0,264 | 11,886 | 2,661 | ||
1970 | 17,361 | 1,965 | 11,155 | 9,055 | 6,539 | 2,259 | 0,312 | 0,959 | 0,616 | 11,510 | 5,851 |
1990 | 17,104 | 0,961 | 11,241 | 7,957 | 3,449 | 3,922 | 0,244 | 0,475 | 2,974 | 9,881 | 7,223 |
2013 | 16,442 | 16,200 | 0,242 | 10,000 | 6,000 | 0,100 | 0,100 | 0,101 | 0,140 | 16,342 | 0,100 |
Languages
The percentage of people, who know how to speak, read, write the Ukrainian language in Bar is (95.5%).[47]
Originally, the entire population spoke the old Slavic languages mainly, however the various historical events and the increasing international trade led to the situation, when the local population was able to get the other foreign languages skills.
English is also studied at the advanced level at English Language Faculty at Humanitarian – Pedagogical College in Bar.
The numerous computers with the audio-headsets were installed and connected to the Internet at the central city library due to both the personal efforts of Hankamp and the Bibliomist program.
Administrative issues
The Bar municipality is administratively subdivided into a number of municipal districts.[48]
Governance issues
The mayor is elected by direct public election, while the heads of other directorates are assigned by the collegiate. The Mayor of Bar has the executive powers; the City Council has the administrative powers to check the mayor's decisions, and the City Assembly can accept or reject the mayor's urban development strategy, city budget and city modernization proposals each year.[48]
The City Council constitutes the executive government of the City of Bar, operating as a collegiate authority. The City Council is composed of a few respected councilors, each heading the corresponding departments and bureaus. Departmental tasks, coordination measures and implementation of laws, decreed by the City Assembly, are carried by the City Council.[48]
The regular election of the City Assembly by any inhabitant valid to vote is held every four years. Any resident of Bar, allowed to vote, can be elected as a member of the City Assembly.[48]
The mayor, city council, city assembly hold their regular meetings in the City Hall in Bar.[48]
Twin towns – Sister cities
Bar has a number of sister city agreements, including Bari, Kwidzyn, Rybnik.[48]
Colleges and schools
There are a few educational institutions in the Bar city, for example:
- 1. The Hrushevsky Humanitarian Pedagogical College where the students can study English language, finances, accounting, law, teaching, painting, music and other subjects;[49][50]
- 2. The Bar College of Transport and Construction, founded by Tunik, where the students can study the modern engines and automobiles designs;[51][52]
- 3. The Bar Professional Building Construction College, where the students study the architecture and buildings construction technologies;[53]
- 4. The specialized music school,[54]
- 5. A number of secondary schools;
- 6. A wide-screen cinema;
- 7. A city history museum;[25]
- 8. A contemporary art gallery.
Public libraries
There is a modern central city library in downtown, which provides the library services to the local people and the foreign visitors in Bar's district.
Dr. Margaret Hankamp, JD, New York Law School, New York University, USA worked on the Bibliomist program[55] to modernize the modern central city library and the one library for the young people in Bar. The Bibliomist is a part of Global Libraries initiative of Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF).
The Bar city library was extensively renovated due to the financial support by KfW bank in Germany in June, 2015. [56]
Also, there are the two small libraries for the young readers, one is located in downtown and another one near the medical hospital in Bar. In addition, there are the libraries at the Hrushevsky Humanitarian Pedagogical College and at the Automobiles and Roads College in Bar. There is an interconnected network of small remote libraries with Internet access at the villages in Bar's district.
Bar has a lot of religious traditions. It is a center of Ukrainian culture[57] and an attractive tourist destination with a large number of old Ukrainian cathedrals and the new churches such as:
The St. Assumption Orthodox Church, built by Tymofiy Matkovsky in 1755–1757 at the same place, where the Holy Trinity Orthodox Church was founded in 1700.[58][59][non-primary source needed][60]
The Assumption Orthodox Cathedral is considered as one of the most remarkable architectural achievements and one of the oldest buildings in Bar, Ukraine, which has changed, reflecting the historical developments in Ukraine over the centuries. The old altar at the Assumption Orthodox Cathedral is made of special wood with the metallic decorations and the religious paintings.
The Holy Trinity Orthodox Church was founded in the early 17th century. The first written memories about the Assumption Orthodox Cathedral (the St. Uspensky Orthodox Church), which was created at the Trinity Orthodox Church place, are related to 1719. [citation needed] The interesting fact is that the new architectural design of the St. Uspensky Orthodox Cathedral was developed, and then, the actual cathedral was constructed, using the stone, in 1755 – 1757. As it is described in the historical documents in 1771 and 1783, the Assumption Orthodox Cathedral had a high altar with the Savior icon and the two other altars.
Vasyl Matkovsky was a priest at the Assumption Orthodox Church in Bar on that time. In 1795–1809, Ioan Sinitsky became a priest at the Assumption Orthodox Church in Bar. At the same time, Fedir Batulinsky, priest (1800–1802) and Stefan Batulinsky, priest (1804–1820) conducted their religious missions at the Assumption Orthodox Church in Bar. Pavlo Batulinsky (1838–1844) served as a priest at the Assumption Orthodox Church in Bar, and then he became a key owner and a cathedral bishop in Kamyanets soon after that. Vasyl Kuzminsky, as a priest in 1844–1849 and Simeon Karchevsky, as a priest in 1849–1861 worked to continue the religious missions at the Assumption Orthodox Church in Bar. In addition, Simeon Karchevsky was a head of the Bar Orthodox Religion School at the same time. Hryhoriy Yankovsky, as a priest in 1861–1881, Ivan Korchynsky, as a priest (1881–1892), Pavlo Savluchynsky, as a priest (1892), Afanasiy Dvernytsky, as a priest (1892–) were recognized for their outstanding religious mission services at the Assumption Orthodox Church in Bar.
The Assumption Orthodox Church was closed for the renovation in 1838–1851. The full restoration of the Assumption Cathedral was also done in 1975. The “gold plated” domes were installed and the façade renovation works were completed at the Assumption Orthodox Cathedral in 2013. [citation needed]
At present time, there are the two old icons at the Assumption Orthodox Cathedral in Bar, Ukraine: The St. Michael Myrlikiys’ky Miracle Man icon, created in Bari, Italy in the 16th century and presented by Bona Sforza; and The God's Mother icon with the silver frame, created in the 17th century, which saved the cathedral from the fire in 1737 and 1760.[61]
Priests at Assumption Orthodox Cathedral in City of Bar in State of Ukraine 1795–2016. [62] [63] [64]
Presently, all the Orthodox church members strictly follow the Orthodox religion old traditions in Bar.
The first international conference: "Spiritual Treasure of Podillya" to celebrate the 260 years anniversary from the moment of St. Assumption Orthodox Church foundation as well as the 130 years anniversary from the moment of "The God’s Mother" icon recognition as a miracle creating icon was held in Bar on October 12, 2017. [65]
The Bar Orthodox Women Monastery, made of red bricks, was in the process of construction under the management by Viktor Terletsky, priest and under the patronage by Simeon, Archbishop of Vinnytsia and Bar (former Archbishop of Vinnytsia and Mohyliv-Podilsky) at Harmaky near Bar since December 10, 2002. The St. Bar Orthodox Women Monastery is intended for the females only. It was opened in Bar in 2018.
The Roman Catholic St. Michael Cathedral, built in 1550 (the soft wood); and then, it was renamed as The Roman Catholic St. Anna Cathedral, re-built in 1811 (the stone); it was renovated by Y. Tamanchuk, architect, in 1900 – July 26, 1906 (the red bricks)[66][67] The old altar at the St. Anna Catholic Cathedral is made of the stone and special wood with the old religious icon placed on the top of altar.
There is an organ to perform the organ music at the religious ceremonies at the Roman Catholic St. Anna Cathedral. A number of the professional organ musicians can play the organ music at the religious ceremonies at the Roman Catholic St. Anna Cathedral. [citation needed]
The Dekanat of Bar includes the following The Ukrainians with the Polish and Italian family roots, who belong to the Roman Catholic religion, like to visit the Roman Catholic St. Anna Cathedral regularly. [citation needed] Polish and Italian tourists visit the Roman Catholic St. Anna Cathedral occasionally. [citation needed] The Polish young volunteers of the Roman Catholic religion come to Roman Catholic St. Anna Cathedral with the aim to help with the reconstruction and renovation works during the Summer time frequently.
The former St. Pokrovsky Monastery, which is now known as the Benedictine Sisters-Missioners Monastery. In the beginning, the first monastery was founded by Knight Vereshagin in the woods near Semenivky not so far away from Bar. Then, the monastery was initially founded and built by Karmelits in Bar in 1551. It was re-built by Karmelits under Zholtkevsky supervision in 1616. It was re-built, using the stone, by Dominicans in 1701–1787. The history of old monastery has the four periods: 1) Karmelits' period, 2) the Dominican perioid, 3) the Orthodox period (since 1838), 4) the Catholic Basilian period (since 1991). During the newest historical period, Cyril Podolsky initiated the foundation of the St. Pokrovsky orthodox monastery for males in 1837. The monastery was re-organized for females and chaired by Sister Melitina on July 20, 1881. The red bricks cathedral with the bells was built in 1908. The monastery was closed in 1959–1991. The Benedictine Sisters-Missioners of Bar re-opened the monastery in 1996.[68][69]
The Old Bar Fortress, initially built in 1537,[37][38] and later re-designed by Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan in the 1630s.[2] The Old Bar Fortress is surrounded by the old cathedrals and other religious buildings. There is an old green trees park with the numerous pathways inside the fortress.
The Greek-Catholic church, opened in a newly reconstructed cathedral in 1996. The new altar at the Greek Catholic Cathedral is made of wood with the metallic decorations.
The St. Michael Orthodox Church in the beginning of vulytsia Bunyakovska is being re-built. The idea is to re-create the old St. Michael church, which was built at this place a few hundreds years ago. Mr. Pogrebnyak, businessman is a main sponsor of construction works.
The old historical castles in Bar require more investments.[70]
The Synagogue There was an oldest Synagogue in Bar, which was built in 1717.[71][72][73][74] [75][76] [77] Since old time until present time, the Bar's Jewish people community is well known for its contributions to the social, cultural, financial, economical and political fields in the Ukrainian society and abroad. The information on the Bar's Jewish people community is collected at various resources.[78][21][22][79]
According to the Encyclopaedia Vocabulary by Andreevsky I E (editor) published in St. Petersburg, Russia in 1891,[46] the total population was 13,761 people, and the Jewish population was 51% of total population in 1891 in Bar. In 1900 in Bar, the total population included: 7865 Jewish people, 2803 Orthodox people, 765 Catholic people. The Jewish community was some of the tens of thousands people in Bar before the World War II (5720 people in 1926).[22] There were many old synagogues in Bar before the World War II. The five thousands people were killed by the fascists during the period of occupation in Bar, Ukraine in 1941–1942.[23] A special commemoration ceremony is usually organized in connection with the Holocaust Memorial Day in Bar, Ukraine on January 27 every year.[80][81] Recently, Mr. Cor Roos, accountant and writer from The Desert Rose Foundation in The Netherlands presented his historical books about the Holocaust in Ukraine in 1941 - 1944 during his visit to the Bar city library.[82]
The old synagogues were fully destroyed during World War II.[83] [84] [85] [86] [87]
Presently, there is a growing collaboration between the Bar Jewish community and the Vinnytsia Jewish community, aiming to recognize the famous American Jewish people from Ukraine,[88] tell stories about the many other famous Jewish people around the World[89] and build a new synagogue in Bar.[90][91][92]
The Baptist Church was established in Bar in the 1990s. The red-bricks cathedral is in a process of construction at the end of Bunyakovsky Street in Bar since 2000.
The Evangelist Church is situated in a small building in Bar since the beginning of the 1990s.