Help:IPA/Russian
Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Russian / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Russian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Russian on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Russian in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
Russian distinguishes hard (unpalatalized or plain) and soft (palatalized) consonants (both phonetically and orthographically). Soft consonants, most of which are denoted by a superscript ⟨ʲ⟩, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, like the articulation of the y sound in yes. In native words, /j, ɕː, tɕ/ are always soft, whereas /ʐ, ʂ, ts/ are always hard.[1]
See Russian phonology and Russian alphabet for a more thorough look at the sounds of Russian.
Consonants | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hard | Soft | |||||
IPA | Examples | English approximation | IPA | Examples | English approximation | |
b | бокⓘ; апде́йт[2] | boot | bʲ | бе́лыйⓘ, бьюⓘ | beautiful | |
d | датьⓘ; футбо́лⓘ[2] | do | dʲ | де́лоⓘ; ходьба́ⓘ; жени́тьбаⓘ[2] | media | |
dʐ[3] | джипⓘ | jug | dʑ[3] | начди́в; дочь быⓘ[2] | jig | |
dz[3] | плацда́рмⓘ[2] | lads | dzʲ[3] | дзюдо́[1] | lad's young | |
f | фо́рмаⓘ; вы́ставкаⓘ;[2] бо́ровⓘ[4] | fool | fʲ | фина́лⓘ; верфьⓘ; кровьⓘ[4] | few | |
ɡ | годⓘ;[5][6] анекдо́тⓘ[2] | good | ɡʲ | геро́йⓘ | argue | |
ɣ | Го́сподиⓘ; ага́ⓘ;[5] Бог даст; дух бодр[2] | loch (Scottish) but voiced | ɣʲ | двухдверный[2] | Loch Ewe (Scottish) but voiced | |
— | j | естьⓘ [je-]; ёжⓘ [jɵ-]; югⓘ [ju-]; яⓘ [ja]; майо́рⓘ[7] | yes | |||
k | костьⓘ; бе́гствоⓘ;[2] флагⓘ[4] | scar | kʲ | кино́ⓘ; секью́рити | skew | |
l | луна́ⓘ[8] | pill | lʲ | лесⓘ; больⓘ | failure | |
m | мы́лоⓘ | moot | mʲ | мя́соⓘ; семьⓘ | mute | |
n | носⓘ | noon | nʲ | нёсⓘ; деньⓘ; ко́нчикⓘ[9] | vinyard | |
p | подⓘ; ры́бкаⓘ;[2] зубⓘ[4] | span | pʲ | пе́пелⓘ; цепьⓘ; зыбьⓘ[4] | spew | |
r | разⓘ | American atom | rʲ | рядⓘ; зверьⓘ | American catty | |
s | соба́каⓘ; ска́зкаⓘ;[2] глазⓘ[4] | soup | sʲ | си́нийⓘ; здесьⓘ; естьⓘ; грызтьⓘ;[2] резьⓘ[4] | assume (RP) | |
ʂ | широ́кийⓘ; кни́жкаⓘ;[2] мужⓘ;[4] чтоⓘ[10] | rush | ɕː | щека́ⓘ; счита́тьⓘ; мужчи́наⓘ[2][11] | wish sheep | |
t | тоⓘ; во́дкаⓘ;[2] лёдⓘ[4] | stand | tʲ | теньⓘ; дитя́ⓘ; путьⓘ; грудьⓘ[4] | stew (RP) | |
ts[3] | цена́ⓘ; нра́витьсяⓘ | cats | tsʲ[3] | Цю́рих[1] | cat's young | |
tʂ[3] | ко́лледжⓘ[4] | chop | tɕ[3] | чайⓘ; течьⓘ | chip | |
v | выⓘ; его́;[6] афга́н[2] | voodoo | vʲ | весьⓘ; вью́гаⓘ | view | |
x | ходⓘ; Богⓘ[5] | loch (Scottish); ugh | xʲ | хи́трыйⓘ; Хью́стон; лёгкийⓘ[5] | huge (for some dialects) | |
z | зубⓘ; сборⓘ[2] | zoo | zʲ | зима́ⓘ; резьба́; жизньⓘ; про́сьбаⓘ[2] | presume (RP) | |
ʐ | жестⓘ; кешбэ́к[2] | pleasure | ʑː | по́зжеⓘ;[12] вещдо́к[2] | prestige genre | |
Stressed vowels | ||||||
[-soft] | [+soft] | |||||
IPA | Examples | English approximation | IPA | Examples | English approximation | |
a | трава́ⓘ | father (Australian English) | æ | пятьⓘ; ча́стьⓘ[13] | pat | |
ɛ | жестⓘ; э́тотⓘ | met | e | пеньⓘ; э́тикаⓘ[13] | mace | |
ɨ | тыⓘ; ши́шкаⓘ; с и́грами | roses (for some dialects) | i | ли́нияⓘ; и́лиⓘ | meet | |
o | о́блакоⓘ; шёпотⓘ | chore | ɵ | тётяⓘ; плечо́ⓘ[13] | foot | |
u | пу́ляⓘ | cool | ʉ | чутьⓘ; лю́диⓘ[13] | choose | |
Unstressed vowels | ||||||
[-soft] | [+soft] | |||||
IPA | Examples | English approximation | IPA | Examples | English approximation | |
ə | ко́жаⓘ; о́блакоⓘ; се́рдцеⓘ; собира́тьⓘ[14] | about | ə | во́ляⓘ; сего́дняⓘ; ку́чаⓘ[15] | lasagna | |
ɐ | облака́ⓘ; како́йⓘ; сообража́тьⓘ; тропа́ⓘ[14] | bud | ɪ | лиса́ⓘ; четы́реⓘ; тяжёлыйⓘ; де́вятьⓘ; часы́ⓘ[16] | bit | |
ɛ | тетра́эдр; поэте́сса[17] | met | ||||
ɨ | дыша́тьⓘ; жена́ⓘ; во́дыⓘ; эта́пⓘ; к Ива́ну | roses (for some dialects) | ||||
o | ра́диоⓘ; поэте́сса[17] | chore | ɵ | ма́чо; сёрфинги́ст[13][18] | foot | |
ʊ | мужчи́наⓘ | pull | ʉ | чуде́сныйⓘ; люби́тьⓘ[13] | youth | |
Suprasegmental | ||||||
IPA | Example | Explanation | ||||
ˈ | четы́реⓘ [tɕɪˈtɨrʲɪ] | stress mark, placed before the stressed syllable | ||||
ː | сза́диⓘ [ˈzːadʲɪ][2] | consonant length mark, placed after the geminated consonant |