Indian Premier League
Franchise T20 cricket league annually held in India / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Indian Premier League (IPL), also known as the TATA IPL for sponsorship reasons, is a men's Twenty20 (T20) cricket league held annually in India. Founded by the BCCI in 2007, the league features ten city-based franchise teams.[3][4] The IPL usually takes place during the summer, between March and May each year. It has an exclusive window in the ICC Future Tours Programme, resulting in fewer international cricket tours occurring during the IPL seasons.[5]
Countries | India |
---|---|
Administrator | Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) |
Headquarters | Cricket Centre, Churchgate, Mumbai, Maharashtra |
Format | Twenty20 |
First edition | 2008 |
Latest edition | 2023 |
Next edition | 2024 |
Tournament format | Round Robin format with Group System and Playoffs |
Number of teams | 10 |
Current champion | Chennai Super Kings (5th title) |
Most successful | Chennai Super Kings Mumbai Indians (5 titles each) |
Most runs | Virat Kohli (7,361) |
Most wickets | Yuzvendra Chahal (190) |
TV | India Star Sports (Television)[1] JioCinema (Internet) [2] International List of broadcasters |
Website | iplt20.com |
2024 Indian Premier League |
The IPL is the most popular cricket league in the world; in 2014, it ranked sixth in average attendance among all sports leagues.[6] In 2010, the IPL became the first sporting event to be broadcast live on YouTube.[7][8] Inspired by the success of the IPL, other Indian sports leagues have been established.[lower-alpha 1][11][12][13] In 2022, the league's brand value was estimated at ₹90,038 crore (US$11 billion).[14] According to the BCCI, the 2015 IPL season contributed ₹1,150 crore (US$140 million) to India's GDP.[15] In December 2022, the IPL achieved a valuation of US$10.9 billion, becoming a decacorn and registering a 75% growth in dollar terms since 2020 when it was valued at $6.2 billion, according to a report by the consulting firm D and P Advisory.[16] Its 2023 final became the most streamed live event on the internet, with 32 million viewers.[17]
In 2023, the league sold its media rights for the period of 2023–2027 for US$6.4 billion to Viacom18 and Star Sports,[18] meaning each IPL match was valued at $13.4 million.[19] As of 2023, there have been sixteen seasons of the tournament. The current champions are the Chennai Super Kings, who won the 2023 season after defeating the Gujarat Titans in the final.[20]
Season | Winners |
---|---|
2008 | Rajasthan Royals |
2009 | Deccan Chargers |
2010 | Chennai Super Kings |
2011 | Chennai Super Kings (2) |
2012 | Kolkata Knight Riders |
2013 | Mumbai Indians |
2014 | Kolkata Knight Riders (2) |
2015 | Mumbai Indians (2) |
2016 | Sunrisers Hyderabad |
2017 | Mumbai Indians (3) |
2018 | Chennai Super Kings (3) |
2019 | Mumbai Indians (4) |
2020 | Mumbai Indians (5) |
2021 | Chennai Super Kings (4) |
2022 | Gujarat Titans |
2023 | Chennai Super Kings (5) |
Inspired by a rival
In 2007, Zee Entertainment Enterprises founded the Indian Cricket League (ICL).[21] The ICL was not recognized by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) or the International Cricket Council (ICC). Moreover, the BCCI was unhappy about its committee members joining the ICL executive board.[22] In response, the BCCI increased the prize money for its domestic tournaments and imposed lifetime bans on players who joined the rival league, which it considered a rebel league.[23][24]
Foundation
On 13 September 2007,[25] following India's victory at the 2007 T20 World Cup,[26] the BCCI announced a franchise based Twenty20 cricket competition known as the Indian Premier League. The inaugural season was scheduled to start in April 2008, commencing with a "high-profile ceremony" in New Delhi. BCCI Vice-President Lalit Modi, who led the IPL initiative, provided details of the tournament, including its format, prize money, franchise revenue system, and squad composition rules. The league, to be managed by a seven-man governing council, would also serve as the qualifying mechanism for that year's Champions League Twenty20.[25]
To determine team ownership, an auction for the franchises was held on 24 January 2008. The reserve prices for the eight franchises totalled $400 million,[24] but the auction ultimately raised $723.59 million.[27] The league officially commenced in April 2008, featuring Chennai Super Kings (CSK), Mumbai Indians (MI), Delhi Daredevils (DD), Kings XI Punjab (KXIP), Deccan Chargers (DC), Rajasthan Royals (RR), Kolkata Knight Riders (KKR), and Royal Challengers Bangalore (RCB).[28]
Following the ban on players who chose to participate in the ICL, the rival league shut down in 2009.[29][30]
Expansions and terminations
New franchises, Pune Warriors India and Kochi Tuskers Kerala, joined the league before the fourth season in 2011.[31] The Sahara Adventure Sports Group purchased the Pune franchise for $370 million, while Rendezvous Sports World bought the Kochi franchise for $333.3 million.[31] The Kochi franchise was terminated after just one season due to their failure to pay the BCCI the 10% bank guarantee element of the franchise fee.[32]
In September 2012, the Deccan Chargers franchise agreement was terminated after the BCCI failed to find new owners.[33] In October, an auction was held for a replacement franchise; Sun TV Network won the bid for what became the Hyderabad franchise;[34] the team was named Sunrisers Hyderabad.[35]
Pune Warriors India withdrew from the IPL in May 2013 due to financial differences with the BCCI.[36] The BCCI officially terminated the franchise in October, and the league reverted to eight teams.[37]
In June 2015, the two-time champions Chennai Super Kings and the inaugural season champions Rajasthan Royals were suspended for two seasons following their involvement in a spot-fixing and betting scandal.[38] The two teams were replaced for two seasons by franchises based in Pune and Rajkot.[39][40]
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the venue for the 2020 season was moved and games were played in the United Arab Emirates.[41][42] In August 2021, the BCCI announced two new franchises, based in two of six shortlisted cities, would join the league in the 2022 season.[43][44] In closed bidding held in October, the RPSG Group and CVC Capital won the bids for the teams, paying ₹7,000 crore (US$880 million) and ₹5,200 crore (US$650 million), respectively.[45][46] The teams were subsequently named Lucknow Super Giants and Gujarat Titans.
Several IPL franchise owners have expanded their business by acquiring teams in other franchise leagues, such as the Caribbean Premier League (CPL), South Africa's SA20, the UAE's International League T20 (ILT) and the USA's Major League Cricket (MLC). These teams have been branded with similar names to their parent IPL franchises.[47]
The IPL's headquarters are located in the Cricket Centre, next to the Wankhede Stadium in Churchgate, Mumbai. The Governing Council is responsible for the league's functions, including the organization of tournaments. As of April 2023[update], its members included:[48]
- Arun Singh Dhumal – Chairman[49][50]
- Jay Shah – Secretary of the BCCI
- Ashish Shelar – Treasurer, BCCI
- Avishek Dalmiya
- Pragyan Ojha – Indian Cricketers' Association's representative
- Alka Rehani Bhardwaj – Comptroller and Auditor General of India nominee
Player acquisition, squad composition, and salaries
This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Team rules are as of 2020, and average pay figures are from 2015. (March 2023) |
A team can acquire players through the annual player auction, trading with other teams during trading windows, and signing replacements for unavailable players. Players sign up for the auction[51] and set their base price and are bought by the highest-bidding franchise. Players unsold at the auction are eligible to be signed as replacement signings. In the trading windows, a player can only be traded with consent; the franchise pays any difference between the old and new contracts. If the new contract is worth more than the old one, the player and the selling franchise share the difference. There are generally three trading windows – two before the auction and one between the auction and the start of the tournament. Players cannot be traded outside the trading windows or during the tournament, but replacements can be signed before or during the tournament.
Other notable rules, as of the 2020 season, include:
- The salary cap of the entire squad must not exceed ₹85 crore (US$11 million).[52]
- Under-19 players cannot be picked unless they have previously played first-class or List A cricket.[53]
Player contracts run for one year but can be extended by one or two years if the franchises take up the option. Since the 2014 season, player contracts have been denominated in the Indian rupee, before which the contracts were in the US dollar. Overseas players can be remunerated in the currency of the player's choice, at the exchange rate on either the contract due date or the actual payment date.[54] Before the 2014 season, Indian domestic players were not included in the player auction pool. They could be signed up by franchises at a discrete amount while a fixed sum of ₹10 lakh (US$13,000) to ₹30 lakh (US$38,000) would be deducted per signing from the franchise's salary purse. This received significant opposition from franchise owners, who complained richer franchises were "luring players with under-the-table deals." The IPL later decided to include domestic players in the player auction.[55]
The BCCI give 10% of foreign players' salaries to their country's national cricket board.[56]
According to a 2015 survey by Sporting Intelligence and ESPN The Magazine, the average IPL salary when pro-rated is US$4.33 million per year, the second-highest of sports leagues in the world. Because players in the IPL are contracted only for the duration of the tournament – less than two months – the weekly IPL salaries are extrapolated pro data to obtain an average annual salary, unlike other sports leagues in which players are contracted by a single team for the entire year.[57]
According to a report by The Telegraph, IPL players are paid 18% of the revenue, which is the lowest amount compared to other major sports leagues, in which players receive at least 50% of the revenue. The Federation of International Cricketers' Associations said that IPL players must be paid fairly.[58][59][60]
Prize money
The 2022 season of the IPL offered total prize money of ₹46.5 crore (equivalent to ₹49 crore or US$6.2 million in 2023), with the winning team netting ₹20 crore (equivalent to ₹21 crore or US$2.7 million in 2023) and the second-placed team ₹13 crore (equivalent to ₹14 crore or US$1.7 million in 2023).[61][62] League rules mandate that half of any prize money must be distributed amongst the franchise's players.[63]
The IPL has several rules which vary from the established Laws of cricket or those used in other Twenty20 leagues:
- IPL games incorporate television timeouts. Each team is given a two-and-a-half-minute "strategic time-out" during each innings. One must be taken by the bowling team between the seventh and ninth overs and the other by the batting team between the 14th and 16th overs. A penalty may be imposed if umpires find teams misusing this privilege.[64]
- Since the 2018 season, the Decision Review System (DRS) has been used in all IPL matches, allowing each team two opportunities each innings to review an on-field umpire's decision.[65] From the 2023 season, this was extended to allow the review of wides and no-balls.[66]
- If the bowling team does not complete its overs in the allocated time, it may place only four fielders outside of the fielding restrictions circle for the remainder of the innings,[66] or the match referee may impose financial sanctions on the bowling team after the match, with players fined a proportion of their match fee.[67]
- Teams can use a substitute, termed an "impact player", from a list of five players named as possible substitutes. The substitution can be made before the start of the innings, when a wicket falls when a batter retires or at the end of an over. Both teams can introduce a substitute once per match.[68][69]
- Teams can declare their playing eleven to the match referee before or after the toss.[68]
- A five-run penalty is imposed if a fielder or wicket-keeper makes an unfair movement while the bowler is bowling and the ball is designated as dead ball.[70][66][68]
- Teams can include four overseas players in their playing eleven.[69]
- Teams must include 25 players, with a maximum of eight overseas players.[71]
- From the 2024 season, bowlers will be allowed to deliver two bouncers an over. This change in playing conditions was trialled during the 2023–24 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, India's domestic T20 tournament.[72]
Current Teams
As of the 2024 season, the league has ten teams based in cities across India.
Defunct teams
Team | City | State | Home ground | Debut | Dissolved | Owner(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Deccan Chargers | Hyderabad | Telangana | Rajiv Gandhi Stadium | 2008 | 2012 | |
Kochi Tuskers Kerala | Kochi | Kerala | Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium | 2011 | 2011 |
|
Pune Warriors India | Pune | Maharashtra | Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium | 2011 | 2013 | |
Rising Pune Supergiant | Pune | Maharashtra | Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium | 2016 | 2018 | |
Gujarat Lions | Rajkot | Gujarat | Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium | 2016 | 2018 |
Timeline of teams
Present teams Former teams Suspended
Chennai Super Kings and Mumbai Indians have each won five titles, the most in the tournament. Kolkata Knight Riders have won two titles,[73] while Rajasthan Royals, Deccan Chargers, Sunrisers Hyderabad and Gujarat Titans have each won a single title.[74][75][76]
The reigning champions are the Chennai Super Kings, who defeated the Gujarat Titans by five wickets in the 2023 IPL final to secure their fifth title.[20]
Number of titles
Team | Title(s) | Runner-up | Seasons won | Seasons runner-up | No. of seasons played |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chennai Super Kings | 5 | 5 | 2010, 2011, 2018, 2021, 2023 | 2008, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2019 | 14 |
Mumbai Indians | 1 | 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2020 | 2010 | 16 | |
Kolkata Knight Riders | 2 | 2012, 2014 | 2021 | 16 | |
Rajasthan Royals | 1 | 2008 | 2022 | 14 | |
Sunrisers Hyderabad | 2016 | 2018 | 11 | ||
Gujarat Titans | 2022 | 2023 | 2 | ||
Deccan Chargers† | – | 2009 | – | 5 | |
Royal Challengers Bengaluru | – | 3 | – | 2009, 2011, 2016 | 16 |
Punjab Kings | 1 | 2014 | 16 | ||
Delhi Capitals | 2020 | 16 | |||
Rising Pune Supergiant† | 2017 | 2 |
† Team now defunct
Finals
Seasons
Season (No. of teams) |
2008 (8) |
2009 (8) |
2010 (8) |
2011 (10) |
2012 (9) |
2013 (9) |
2014 (8) |
2015 (8) |
2016 (8) |
2017 (8) |
2018 (8) |
2019 (8) |
2020 (8) |
2021 (8) |
2022 (10) |
2023 (10) |
2024 (10) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chennai Super Kings | RU | SF | C | C | RU | RU | PO | RU | Suspended | C | RU | 7th | C | 9th | C | ||
Delhi Capitals / Delhi Daredevils | SF | SF | 5th | 10th | PO | 9th | 8th | 7th | 6th | 6th | 8th | PO | RU | PO | 5th | 9th | |
Gujarat Titans | – | C | RU | ||||||||||||||
Kolkata Knight Riders | 6th | 8th | 6th | PO | C | 7th | C | 5th | PO | PO | PO | 5th | 5th | RU | 7th | 7th | |
Lucknow Super Giants | – | PO | PO | ||||||||||||||
Mumbai Indians | 5th | 7th | RU | PO | PO | C | PO | C | 5th | C | 5th | C | C | 5th | 10th | PO | |
Punjab Kings / Kings XI Punjab | SF | 5th | 8th | 5th | 6th | 6th | RU | 8th | 8th | 5th | 7th | 6th | 6th | 6th | 6th | 8th | |
Rajasthan Royals | C | 6th | 7th | 6th | 7th | PO | 5th | PO | Suspended | PO | 7th | 8th | 7th | RU | 5th | ||
Royal Challengers Bengaluru | 7th | RU | 3rd | RU | 5th | 5th | 7th | PO | RU | 8th | 6th | 8th | PO | PO | PO | 6th | |
Sunrisers Hyderabad | – | PO | 6th | 6th | C | PO | RU | PO | PO | 8th | 8th | 10th | |||||
Deccan Chargers† | 8th | C | 4th | 7th | 8th | – | |||||||||||
Kochi Tuskers Kerala† | – | 8th | – | ||||||||||||||
Pune Warriors / Pune Warriors India† | – | 9th | 9th | 8th | – | ||||||||||||
Gujarat Lions† | – | PO | 7th | – | |||||||||||||
Rising Pune Supergiant† | – | 7th | RU | – |
- Teams are listed alphabetically by year of entry into the league
† Team now defunct
- C: champions
- RU: runner-up
- 3rd: team won the 3rd place playoff. A third-place playoff only took place in 2010
- 4th: team lost the 3rd place playoff
- SF or PO: team qualified for the semi-final or playoff stage of the competition
All Time Standings
This section shows records from the league stage only (i.e. excluding playoffs & finals) from 2008-2023. Stats are correct as of conclusion of IPL 2023.
Team | MP | Won | Lost | N/R | Points | WR (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MI | 228 | 127 | 100 | 1 | 255 | 55.95 |
CSK | 200 | 114 | 83 | 3 | 231 | 57.87 |
KKR | 228 | 112 | 112 | 4 | 228 | 50.00 |
RCB | 228 | 110 | 112 | 6 | 226 | 49.55 |
DC | 228 | 106 | 119 | 3 | 215 | 47.11 |
PBKS | 228 | 106 | 122 | 0 | 212 | 46.49 |
RR | 200 | 99 | 96 | 5 | 203 | 50.77 |
SRH | 156 | 74 | 81 | 1 | 149 | 47.74 |
DEC | 72 | 27 | 44 | 1 | 55 | 38.03 |
GT | 28 | 20 | 8 | 0 | 40 | 71.43 |
LSG | 28 | 17 | 10 | 1 | 35 | 62.96 |
RPS | 28 | 14 | 14 | 0 | 28 | 50.00 |
GL | 28 | 13 | 15 | 0 | 26 | 46.43 |
PWI | 46 | 12 | 33 | 1 | 25 | 26.67 |
KTK | 14 | 6 | 8 | 0 | 12 | 42.86 |
Team now defunct |
A summary of the most notable statistical records associated with the tournament is provided below:
- As of 25 August 2023
Batting Records | ||
---|---|---|
Most runs | Virat Kohli (RCB) | 7,263 |
Highest score | Chris Gayle (RCB) | 175 not out vs Pune Warriors India (23 April 2013) |
Highest partnership | Virat Kohli & AB de Villiers (RCB) | 229 vs Gujarat Lions (14 May 2016) |
Most sixes | Chris Gayle (KKR/RCB/PBKS) | 357 |
Most fours | Shikhar Dhawan (DD/MI/DC/SRH/PBKS) | 750 |
Most centuries | Virat Kohli (RCB) | 7 |
Bowling Records | ||
Most wickets | Yuzvendra Chahal (MI/RCB/RR) | 187 |
Best bowling figures | Alzarri Joseph (MI) | 6/12 vs Sunrisers Hyderabad (6 April 2019) |
Fielding | ||
Most dismissals (wicket-keeper) | MS Dhoni (CSK/RPS) | 180 |
Most catches (fielder) | Suresh Raina (CSK/GL) | 109 |
Other records | ||
Most matches | MS Dhoni (CSK/RPS) | 250 |
Most matches as captain | MS Dhoni (CSK/RPS) | 227 |
Team records | ||
Highest total | Sunrisers Hyderabad https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/eb/Sunrisers_Hyderabad.png | 277/3 (20) vs Mumbai Indians (27 March 2024) |
Lowest total | Royal Challengers Bangalore https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0a/Royal_Challengers_Bengaluru_Logo.png | 49 (9.4) vs Kolkata Knight Riders (23 April 2017) |
- Source: records extracted from ESPNcricinfo[77]
Orange Cap
The Orange Cap, introduced in 2008, is awarded to the highest run-scorer at the end of each season. It is an ongoing competition with the current highest-run scorer wearing the cap whilst fielding. The eventual winner keeps the cap for the season. Brendon McCullum was the first player to wear the Orange Cap and Shaun Marsh the inaugural winner of the award. Australian batsman David Warner has won the award three times, more than any other player.[78] Shubman Gill of Gujarat Titans, who scored 890 runs during the 2023 season, is the most recent winner of the award.[79][80]
Purple Cap
The Purple Cap is awarded to the highest wicket-taker at the end of each season. It is an ongoing competition and the bowler who is the leading wicket-taker wears a purple cap whilst fielding. The leading wicket-taker at the end of the season wins the award. Bhuvneshwar Kumar and Dwayne Bravo are the only players to have won the award twice.[81][82]
Most Valuable Player
The Most Valuable Player award, called the "Man of the Tournament" until the 2012 season, is awarded using a ratings system introduced in 2013. Shubman Gill won the award in 2023.
Fair Play Award
The Fair Play Award is given after each season to the team considered to have the best fair play record. After each match, the two on-field umpires and the third umpire score the performance of both teams, with the highest-scoring team at the end of the season receiving the award.[83] The 2023 winners were Delhi Capitals.
Emerging Player Award
The Emerging Player Award was presented to the best under-19 player in 2008 and the best under-23 player in 2009 and 2010. In 2011 and 2012, the award was known as "Rising Star of the Year," and in 2013 the "Best Young Player of the Season." Since 2014, the award has been called the Emerging Player of the Year. Mustafizur Rahman is the only foreign player to win this award.[84] The 2023 winner was Yashasvi Jaiswal.
Maximum Sixes Award
The Maximum Sixes Award is presented to the player who hits the most sixes at the end of the season.[85]