Refugees of the Syrian civil war
Refugees and displaced persons from the ongoing conflict / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Refugees of the Syrian civil war are citizens and permanent residents of Syria who have fled the country throughout the Syrian civil war. The pre-war population of the Syrian Arab Republic was estimated at 22 million (2017), including permanent residents.[1] Of that number, the United Nations (UN) identified 13.5 million (2016) as displaced persons, requiring humanitarian assistance. Of these, since the start of the Syrian civil war in 2011 more than six million (2016) were internally displaced, and around five million (2016) had crossed into other countries,[2] seeking asylum or placed in Syrian refugee camps worldwide. It is often described as one of the largest refugee crises in history.
| |||
---|---|---|---|
Pre-war population 22 ±.5; Internally displaced 6 ±.5, Refugees 5.5 ±.5, Fatalities 0.5 ±.1 (millions)[citation needed] | |||
Syrian refugees | |||
By country | Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey | ||
Settlements | Camps: Jordan | ||
Internally displaced Syrians | |||
Casualties of the war | |||
Crimes | Human rights violations, massacres, rape | ||
Return of refugees, Refugees as weapons, Prosecution of war criminals | |||
Armed revolts started across Syria in 2011 when security forces launched a violent campaign of clampdown on nation-wide protests, prompting opposition to form resistance militias, escalating the situation towards a civil war. Ensuing assaults on civilian areas by the Syrian Armed Forces resulted in the forced displacement of millions of Syrians, leading to a full-blown refugee crisis.[3] The Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan (3RP) was established in 2015 as a coordination platform including neighboring countries except Israel. By 2016, various nations had made pledges to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to permanently resettle 170,000 registered refugees.[4] Syrian refugees have contributed to the European migrant crisis, with the UNHCR receiving almost one million asylum applicants in Europe by August 2017.[5] Turkey is the largest host country of registered refugees, with over 3.7 million Syrian refugees.[6][7]
As of December 2022, a minimum of 580,000 people are estimated to be dead; with 13 million Syrians being displaced and 6.7 million refugees forced to flee Syria. The Ba'athist government and its security apparatus have arrested and tortured numerous repatriated refugees, subjecting them to forced disappearances and extrajudicial executions. Around 12 million Syrians live under conditions of severe food insecurity.[8] More than two-thirds of the displaced are women and children.[3][9]
The Law No. 10 issued by Bashar al-Assad in 2018 has enabled the state to confiscate properties from displaced Syrians and refugees, and has made the return of refugees harder for fear of being targeted by the regime.[lower-alpha 1] Humanitarian aid to internally displaced persons within Syria and Syrian refugees in neighboring countries is planned largely through the UNHCR office. UNHCR Filippo Grandi has described the Syrian refugee crisis as "the biggest humanitarian and refugee crisis of our time and a continuing cause for suffering."[14]
Over 13.2 million Syrians had been forcibly displaced by the end of 2019.[6] At least 6.7 million of them have left the country (more than half of them to Turkey), with the rest moving within Syria.[15]
The Eurostat/UN Expert Group on Refugee and Internally Displaced Persons Statistics (EGRIS) considers three distinct main categories of people of concern:[16]
- persons in need of international protection (e.g. asylum seekers, refugees, etc);
- persons with a refugee background (e.g. naturalized former refugees, children born of refugee parents, reunited family members, etc);
- persons returned from abroad after seeking international protections.
The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) curates a database of estimated number of Syrian refugees and asylum seekers per country.[17] These numbers are gathered from local governments, but do not include former refugees that have been resettled. The total number of refugees that a country has received may therefore be higher, if a country has accepted or rejected refugees. The data below is gathered from the UNHCR Refugee Data Finder, and supplemented with several additional sources.
Persons in need of international protection, over time, per receiving country
The graph below shows how many Syrian refugees and asylum seekers have been present outside Syria over time, as registered by the UNHCR. Note that this does not include people from the moment they are resettled, unregistered refugees, and illegal immigrants.
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Includes prospective asylum seekers and people in refugee-like situations. Last updated mid-2020.[18] Countries below 100,000 Syrians have been grouped in 'Other countries'.
Total displacement of Syrians per country
An approach to include not just current refugees but also the former refugees that have resettled, is to consider the immigration per country. Depending on local census frequency and inclusion criteria,[19] these numbers may be more or less approximate. The net immigration is the difference in citizens from Syria between 2011 and the time of data collection. As such it does not include people who returned to Syria. Neither UNHCR nor immigration data include illegal immigrants.
Country | UNHCR Refugee Data[17] | Immigration Data[lower-alpha 2] | notes / other sources | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Refugees and Others of Concern[lower-alpha 3] |
Asylum Seekers | Net Immigration From Syria Since 2011 |
Source | ||
Algeria | 6,435 | 0 | [?] | 50,000 estimated migrants until 2019[20] | |
Argentina | 851 | 78 | [?] | 318 resettlers until Nov 2017[21][obsolete source] | |
Armenia | 14,734 | 10 | [?] | [22] | |
Australia | 629 | 66 | 15,105 | [23] | |
Austria | 53,015 | 1,601 | 45,474 | [24][lower-alpha 4] | |
Belgium | 16,555 | 2,190 | 31,450 | [24] | |
Brazil | 3,814 | 4,264 | [?] | 9,000 approved in Feb 2016[25][obsolete source] | |
Bulgaria | 17,832 | 164 | 15,003 | [24][lower-alpha 5] | |
Canada | 70,000 | 257 | 70,000 | [26][obsolete source] | |
Croatia | 554 | 19 | 679 | [24] | |
Cyprus | 11,859 | 4,158 | [?] | 7,820 positive asylum decisions 2011-2020[27] | |
Czechia | 423 | 11 | 1,074 | [24] | |
Denmark | 19,964 | 227 | 35,366 | [24] | |
Egypt | 131,235[28][lower-alpha 6] | 0 | [?] | 170,000 approximate unregistered refugees in 2015[29][obsolete source] | |
Ethiopia | 0 | 416 | [?] | 9,000[30][obsolete source] | |
Finland | 2,604 | 51 | 6,415 | [24] | |
France | 19,265 | 3,101 | [?] | ||
Gaza Strip | [?] | [?] | [?] | 1,000 as of December 2013[31][obsolete source] | |
Germany | 562,168 | 38,124 | 788,327 | [32] | |
Greece | 36,013 | 7,520 | [?] | 54,574 estimated in May 2016[33][obsolete source] | |
Hungary | 933 | 9 | 2,117 | [24] | |
Iraq | 244,760[28][lower-alpha 6] | 0 | [?] | ||
Ireland | 2,899 | 55 | [?] | ||
Italy | 4,815 | 1,060 | 6,577 | [24] | |
Jordan | 665,404[28][lower-alpha 6] | 0 | [?] | 98,353 estimated unregistered refugees in 2015[34][obsolete source] | |
Lebanon | 855,172[28][lower-alpha 6] refugees + 1,824 others of concern | 0 | [?] | UNHCR registration suspended by the government since 2015[35] 1.5 million Syrians estimated by UNHCR in December 2020[36] | |
Libya | 649 | 18,160 | [?] | 26,672 registered as of December 2015[37][obsolete source] | |
Luxembourg | 951 | 225 | 2,165 | [24] | |
Malaysia | 412 | 2,854 | [?] | ||
Malta | 1,791 | 410 | [?] | ||
Morocco | 4,096 | 0 | [?] | ||
Netherlands | 32,598 | 3,266 | 87,381 | [24] | |
Norway | 14,554 | 232 | 31,335 | [24] | |
Qatar | 34 | 0 | [?] | 54,000 2017[38][39][obsolete source] | |
South Korea | 1,209 | 61 | [?] | ||
Romania | 1,976 | 124 | 2,659 | [24][lower-alpha 7] | |
Russia | 415 | 41 | [?] | 7,096 overstays in residence to April 2016[40][obsolete source] | |
Saudi Arabia | 163 | 2,460 | [?] | 673,669 Syrian visitors on 31 Dec 2018[41] 262,573 Syrian visitors on 8 June 2019[42][43] | |
Serbia and Kosovo[lower-alpha 8] | 913 | 41 | [?] | 11,831 applicants to February 2016[citation needed][obsolete source] | |
Somalia | 257 | 5 | [?] | 1,312 as of January 2016[citation needed][obsolete source] | |
Spain | 14,491 | 1,805 | [?] | ||
Sudan | 93,498 | 0 | [?] | no government migration data available[44] | |
Sweden | 114,054 | 1,819 | 172,600 | [24] | |
Switzerland | 20,077 | 263 | 5,192 | [24] | |
Syria | 6,734,787 | — | — | ||
Tunisia | 1,707 | 0 | [?] | 4,000 September 2015[45][obsolete source] | |
Turkey | 3,763,565[28][lower-alpha 9] | 0 | [?] | ||
United Arab Emirates | 368 | 6,551 | [?] | 242,000 Syrian nationals living in UAE in 2015[46][obsolete source] | |
United Kingdom | 11,422 | 1,459 | approx. 23,000 | [47] | |
United States | 8,559 | 2,504 | [?] | 16,218 resettled by November 2016[48][obsolete source] | |
Yemen | 3,589 | 409 | [?] | 100,000 refugees in 2015[49][obsolete source] | |
Other Countries[lower-alpha 10] | 7,478 | 1,551 | 1,478 | [24] |