Transoxiana
Central Asian historical region between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Transoxiana or Transoxania ("Land beyond the Oxus") is the Latin name for the region and civilization located in lower Central Asia roughly corresponding to modern-day eastern Uzbekistan, western Tajikistan, parts of southern Kazakhstan, parts of Turkmenistan and southern Kyrgyzstan. The name was first coined by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC when Alexander's troops were able to conquer the region. The region may have had a similar Greek name in the days of Alexander the Great, but the earlier Greek name is no longer known.[1] Geographically, it is the region between the rivers Amu Darya to its south and the Syr Darya to its north.[2]
Historically known in Persian as Farā-rūd (Persian: فرارود, [fæɾɒːˈɾuːd̪] – 'beyond the [Amu] river'), Faro-rüd (Tajik: Фарорӯд), and Varaz-rüd (Tajik: Варазрӯд), the area had been known to the ancient Iranians as Turan, a term used in the Persian national epic Shahnameh.[3] The corresponding Chinese term for the region is Hezhong (Chinese: 河中地区 - land between rivers (Amu and Syr) ). The Arabic term Mā Warāʾ an-Nahr (Arabic: ما وراء النهر, [ˈmaː waˈraːʔ anˈnahr], which means "what is beyond the [Jayhūn] river") passed into Persian literary usage and stayed on until post-Mongol times.[4]
The region of Transoxiana was one of the satrapies (provinces) of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia under the name Sogdia. It was defined within the classical world of Persia to distinguish it from Iran proper, especially its northeastern province of Khorasan,[5] a term originating with the Sasanians,[6] although early Arab historians and geographers tended to subsume the region within the loosely defined term "Khorasan" designating a much larger territory.[7][8] The territories of Khwarazm, Sogdiana, Chaghaniyan, and Khuttal were located in the southern part of Transoxiana; Chach, Osrushana, and Farghana were located in the northern part.[9]