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Zamorin of Calicut (Samoothiri; Malayalam: സാമൂതിരി/സാമൂരി, Portuguese: Samorim, Dutch: Samorijn, Chinese: Shamitihsi[2]) is the title of the Hindu monarch of the Kingdom of Calicut (Kozhikode) on Malabar Coast, India. The Zamorins were based at the city of Kozhikode, one of the important trading ports on the south-western coast of India. At the peak of their reign, the Zamorin's ruled over a region from Kollam (Quilon) to Panthalayini Kollam.[3] [4]
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Samoothiri (Zamorin) of Kozhikode കോഴിക്കോട് സാമൂതിരി | |||||||||
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c. 1124 AD–1806 AD | |||||||||
Status | Kingdom | ||||||||
Capital | Kozhikode | ||||||||
Common languages | Malayalam | ||||||||
Religion | Hinduism | ||||||||
Government | Feudal Monarchy | ||||||||
History | |||||||||
• Fall of the Cheras of Cranganore[1] | c. 1124 AD | ||||||||
1806 AD | |||||||||
Currency | Kozhikode Fanam | ||||||||
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Today part of | Republic of India |
It was after the fall of the Cheras of Cranganore (Kodungallur) in early 12th century, the Zamorins - originally Eradis of Nediyirippu (Eranadu) - asserted their political independence. The chiefs maintained elaborate trade relations with the Middle-Eastern sailors in the Indian Ocean, the primary spice traders on the Malabar Coast in the Middle Ages.[1]
The Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama visited the Kozhikode in 1498, opening the sailing route directly from Europe to Asia. Kozhikode was then the most important trading centre of southern India.[5] The Portuguese efforts to lay the foundations to Estado da Índia, and to take complete control over the commerce was repeatedly hampered by the forces of Zamorin of Kozhikode. The Kunjali Marakkars, the famous Muslim admirals, were the naval chiefs of Kozhikode. By the end of the 16th century the Portuguese - now commanding the spice traffic on the Malabar Coast - had succeeded in replacing the Middle-Eastern merchants in the Arabian Sea. The Dutch supplanted the Portuguese in the 17th century, only to be followed by the English.[6]
In 1766 Haider Ali of Mysore defeated the Zamorin of Kozhikode - an English East India Company dependant at the time - and absorbed Malabar district to his state.[4] [7] After the Third Mysore War (1790-92), Malabar was placed under the control of the Company. Later the status of the Zamorins as independent rulers was changed to that of pensioners of the Company (1806).[4][8]