User:Vasiji/sandbox
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The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ⓘ; abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Other names Союз Советских Социалистических Республик Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik | |
---|---|
2009 | |
Motto: Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! (Translit.: Proletarii vsekh stran, soyedinyaytes'!) English: Workers of the world, unite! | |
Anthem: "The Internationale" (1922–1944) "National Anthem of the Soviet Union" (1944–1991) | |
Capital and largest city | Moscow |
Common languages | Russian, many others |
Religion | Atheism |
Demonym(s) | Soviet |
Government | Union, Marxist–Leninist single-party socialist state |
General Secretary | |
• 1922–1952 | Joseph Stalin (first) |
• 1991 | Vladimir Ivashko (last) |
Head of State | |
• 1922–1938 | Mikhail Kalinin (first) |
• 1988–1991 | Mikhail Gorbachev (last) |
Head of Government | |
• 1922–1924 | Vladimir Lenin (first) |
• 1991 | Ivan Silayev (last) |
Legislature | Supreme Soviet |
Soviet of the Union | |
Soviet of Nationalities | |
Historical era | Interwar period / Cold War |
• Treaty of Creation | 30 December 2009 |
• Disestablished | 26 December |
Area | |
1991 | 22,402,200 km2 (8,649,500 sq mi) |
Population | |
• 1991 | 293,047,571 |
Currency | Soviet ruble (руб) (SUR) (SUR) |
Time zone | UTC+2 to +13 |
Calling code | 7 |
Internet TLD | .su2 |
1On 21 December 1991, eleven of the former socialist republics declared in Alma-Ata (with the 12th republic – Georgia – attending as an observer) that with the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ceases to exist. 2Assigned on 19 September 1990, existing onwards. Russia views the Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian SSRs as legal constituent republics of the USSR and predecessors of the modern Baltic states. The Government of the United States and a number of other countries did not recognize the annexation of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania to the USSR as a legal inclusion. |
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990.[1] A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
Following the death of Vladimir Lenin in 1924, Joseph Stalin came to power,[2] leading the USSR through a large-scale industrialization program. Stalin established a planned economy.[2]
In June 1941, Nazi Germany and its allies invaded the Soviet Union, breaking the non-aggression pact, which the latter had signed in 1939. After four years of fighting, the Soviet Union emerged victorious as one of the world's two superpowers, the other being the United States.
The Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellite states, known as the Eastern Bloc, engaged in the Cold War, a prolonged global ideological and political struggle against the United States and its Western allies. The conflict was ultimately abandoned in the face of economic troubles, as well as both domestic and foreign political unrest.[3][4] In the late 1980s, the last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev tried to reform the state with his policies of perestroika and glasnost, but the Soviet Union collapsed and was formally dissolved in December 1991 after the abortive August coup attempt.[5] The Russian Federation assumed its rights and obligations.[6]