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The Black Queen hypothesis (BQH) is a reductive evolution theory which seeks to explain how natural selection (as opposed to genetic drift) can drive gene loss.[1][2] In a microbial community, different members may have genes which produce certain chemicals or resources in a "leaky fashion" making them accessible to other members of that community. If this resource is available to certain members of a community in a way that allows them to sufficiently access that resource without generating it themselves, these other members in the community may lose the biological function (or the gene) involved in producing that chemical. Put another way, the black queen hypothesis is concerned with the conditions under which it is advantageous to lose certain biological functions. By accessing resources without the need to generate it themselves, these microbes conserve energy and streamline their genomes to enable faster replication.
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Jeffrey Morris proposed the Black Queen hypothesis in his 2011 PhD dissertation.[3] In the following year, Morris wrote another publication on the subject alongside Richard Lenski and Erik Zinser more fully refining and fleshing out the hypothesis.[4] The name of the hypothesis—"Black Queen hypothesis"—is a play on the Red Queen hypothesis, an earlier theory of coevolution which states that organisms must constantly refine and adapt to keep up with the changing environment and the evolution of other organisms.[5]