阿爾卡索瓦什和約

《阿爾卡索瓦什和約》（也稱為《阿爾卡索瓦什-托雷多和約》，Alcaocvas）在1479年9月4日由卡斯提爾和阿拉貢的天主教君主和葡萄牙阿方索五世和他的兒子約翰王子簽訂。它結束卡斯提亞王位繼承戰爭（英語：War of the Castilian Succession），以天主教君主在陸地上的勝利和葡萄牙在海上的勝利結束。^[1]^[2]阿爾卡索瓦什和約的四個和平條約反映出:伊莎貝拉被認為是卡斯提爾的女王同時確認葡萄牙在大西洋的霸權。

該條約旨在規範：

阿方索五世和天主教君主分別放棄卡斯蒂利亞的王位和葡萄牙的王位
大西洋和海外領土的區分
特拉斯塔瑪拉的胡安娜
天主教雙王的長女伊莎貝拉和約翰王子的嗣子阿方索的婚約，又被稱為Tercerias de Moura，且天主教雙王要以嫁妝作為戰爭賠款。^[3]
赦免的卡斯蒂利亞的胡安娜支持者

卡斯提亞王位繼承戰爭

主要條款

財產

這個條約由教宗詔書《永遠之王（英語：Aeterni regis）》在1481年批准，基本上給葡萄牙自由繼續探索非洲海岸，同時保證卡斯提爾在加那利的主權。它還禁止卡斯蒂利亞的帆船無照航入葡萄牙的航線。此條約建立了西班牙和葡萄牙球在大西洋的控制，在一段時間造成開放的敵意，但也為未來奠定了基礎和衝突。

長期的影響

此條約意味着，一旦卡斯蒂利亞統一了格拉納達，而不是事實上的控制，伊莎貝拉和費迪南德能有幾個方向可以擴展。因此獲得了加那利群島，但失去到摩洛哥的機會，他們因而招聘克里斯托弗·哥倫布向西遠航，並發現的財富多於幾內亞十倍的財富。此條約成為《托德西利亞斯條約》（及其修正案），以及1884年柏林會議的前身。

參見

條約列表

引用

[1]
_↓ Bailey W. Diffie and George D. Winius 「In a war in which the Castilians were victorious on land and the Portuguese at sea, ...」 in Foundations of the Portuguese empire 1415–1580 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, volume I, University of Minnesota Press, 1985, p.152.
[2]
_↓ Historian Malyn Newitt: 「All things considered, it is not surprising that the Portuguese emerged victorious from this first maritime colonial war. They were far better organised than the Castilians, were able to raise money for the preparation and supply of their fleets and had clear central direction from ... [Prince] John.」 In A history of Portuguese overseas expansion, 1400–1668, Routledge, New York, 2005, p.39,40.
[3]
_↓ Mendonça, 2007, p. 102,103.

參考書目

書籍：

BOWN, Stephen R.- 1494: How a family feud in Medieval Spain divided the world in half （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, D and M publishers inc., Canada, 2011.
DIFFIE, Bailey W. and WINIUS, George D. – Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Volume 1, University of Minnesota Press, 1985.
HANSON, Carl- Atlantic emporium: Portugal and the wider world, 1147–1497" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, volume 47 de Iberian studies, University press of the South, 2002. ISBN 978-1889431888.
LUNENFELD, Marvin- The council of the Santa Hermandad: a study of the pacification forces of Ferdinand and Isabella" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, University of Miami Press, 1970. ISBN 978-0870241437.
MENDONÇA, Manuela- O Sonho da União Ibérica – guerra Luso-Castelhana 1475/1479, Quidnovi, Lisboa, 2007, book description （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. ISBN 978-9728998882
NEWITT, Malyn (2005) A history of Portuguese overseas expansion, 1400–1668, New York: Routledge.
ROBERTSON, Ian- Spain, the mainland" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, E. Benn, 1975.

記錄

PALENCIA, Alfonso de- Gesta Hispaniensia ex annalibus suorum diebus colligentis, Década III and IV （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） (the three first Décadas were edited as Cronica del rey Enrique IV by Antonio Paz y Meliá in 1904 and the fourth as Cuarta Década by José Lopes de Toro in 1970).

外部連結

Treaty Between Spain and Portugal, Concluded at Alcacovas, 4 September 1479 (English translation) （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
The Library of Iberian Resources Online "A History of Spain and Portugal, the Expansion"（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, by Stanley G. Payne.

[Bailey_W._Diffie-1] [1]
_↓ Bailey W. Diffie and George D. Winius 「In a war in which the Castilians were victorious on land and the Portuguese at sea, ...」 in Foundations of the Portuguese empire 1415–1580 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, volume I, University of Minnesota Press, 1985, p.152.

[Historian_Malyn_Newitt-2] [2]
_↓ Historian Malyn Newitt: 「All things considered, it is not surprising that the Portuguese emerged victorious from this first maritime colonial war. They were far better organised than the Castilians, were able to raise money for the preparation and supply of their fleets and had clear central direction from ... [Prince] John.」 In A history of Portuguese overseas expansion, 1400–1668, Routledge, New York, 2005, p.39,40.

[Mendonça-3] [3]
_↓ Mendonça, 2007, p. 102,103.

[1]

[2]

[3]