說明:愛爾蘭語國際音標
維基百科,自由的 encyclopedia
下列圖表展示了國際音標(IPA)在維基百科條目中表示愛爾蘭語發音的方式。對於有關在維基百科條目中添加IPA字符的指南,請參見{{IPA-ga}}、{{IPAc-ga}}與Wikipedia:格式手冊/音標 § Notes。
這頁是維基百科的愛爾蘭語國際音標發音指南。 |
請參閱愛爾蘭語音系以更全面地了解愛爾蘭語的發音。
圖表
More information 寬輔音, 窄輔音 ...
寬輔音 | 窄輔音 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IPA | 示例 | 英語及其他語言中的近似發音 | IPA | 示例 | 英語中的近似發音 |
bˠ | bain, scuab | boot | bʲ | béal, cnáib | beautiful |
d̪ˠ | dorn, nead | do (但是為齒音), though (愛爾蘭英語) | dʲ | dearg, cuid | media |
fˠ | fós, graf, pholl | fool | fʲ | fíon, stuif, phríosún | fuel |
ɡ | gasúr, bog | goose | ɟ | geata, carraig | argue |
ɣ | dhorn, ghasúr | 西班牙語 higo | j[2] | dhearg, gheata | yellow |
h[3] | Shasana, shean, thaisce, theanga, hata, na héisc | hand | 不適用 | ||
k | cáis, mac | cart | c | ceist, mic | cube |
l̪ˠ[4] | labhair, balla | filth | l̠ʲ[4] | leabhair, goilleadh | million |
lˠ[4] | fhlaith, bealach | pool | lʲ[4] | fhleasc, goile | leaf |
mˠ | mór, am | moot | mʲ | milis, im | mute |
n̪ˠ[5] | naoi, donna | tenth | n̠ʲ[5] | ní, bainne | inch |
nˠ[5] | dona | noon | nʲ[5] | bainis | opinion |
ŋ | ngasúr | long | ɲ | ngeata | angular |
pˠ | poll, stop | poor | pʲ | príosún, truip | pure |
ɾˠ | barr, carr | rule (但是為閃音) | ɾʲ | fhréamh, tirim | real (但是為閃音) |
sˠ | Sasana, tús, speal | soon | ʃ | sean, cáis | sheet |
t̪ˠ | taisce, ceart | tool (但是為齒音), thorn (愛爾蘭英語) | tʲ | tír, beirt | tune (非yod脫落(英語:英语复辅音音系史)口音) |
w[6] | bhain, dubh, mhór, léamh, vóta | wood 或 voodoo | vʲ | bhéal, sibh, mhilis, nimh, veidhlín | view |
x | cháis, taoiseach | loch (蘇格蘭英語) | ç | cheist, deich, theann, theocht, thiúilip, thiocfadh, thiubh | hue (pronounced strongly) |
Close
More information IPA, 示例 ...
IPA | 示例 | 英語中的近似發音 | IPA | 示例 | 英語中的近似發音 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | mac | trap | aː | tá | father |
ɛ | ceist | best | eː | mé, gael | pay |
ɪ | ith, duine | kit | iː | mín, naoi | mean |
ɔ | olc, deoch | core | oː | bó, ceol | roll |
ʊ | dubh, fliuch | good | uː | tú | too |
ə | solas, milis | sofa | 不適用 |
Close
More information IPA, 示例 ...
Close
More information IPA, 解釋 ...
IPA | 解釋 |
---|---|
ˈ | 主重音 (置於重讀音節前); 通常為第一個音節,芒斯特方言(英語:Munster Irish)除外 |
ˌ | 次重音 (通常只在合成詞中) |
Close
各類音標系統比較
各類資料中使用的音標系統會與維基百科有出入。例如,長期以來的傳統是不標記軟齶化(「寬」)輔音,但用角分符號標記齶化(「窄」)輔音,但這不是標準的IPA用法。
本節將維基百科使用的IPA系統(基於Ailbhe Ní Chasaide在《國際語音學學會手冊》 (ISBN 0-521-63751-1) 中對愛爾蘭語的描述)與其他資料中使用的音標系統進行比較。
More information IPA, Ní Chasaide (1999)[8] (Gweedore) ...
IPA | Ní Chasaide (1999)[8] (Gweedore) |
Quiggin (1906)[9] (Glenties) |
Breatnach (1947)[10] (Ring) |
Ó Sé (2000)[11] (Dingle Peninsula) |
Mhac an Fhailigh (1968)[12] (Erris) |
Ó Siadhail (1988)[13] (Cois Fharraige) |
Foclóir Póca (1993)[14] (Lárchanúint) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | a | æ, α | a | a | a | æ:, a: | a |
aː | æ | α: | a: | ɑː | a: | ɑ: | a: |
bˠ | bˠ | b | b | b | b | b | b |
bʲ | bʲ | b′ | b′ | b′ | b′ | b′ | b′ |
c | c | k′ | k′ | k′ | k′ | k′ | k′ |
ç | ç | ç | ç | x′ | ç | x′ | x′ |
d̪ˠ | d̪ˠ | d | d | d | d | d | d |
dʲ | d̠ʲ | d′ | d′ | d′ | d′ | d′ | d′ |
eː | e | e: | e: | eː | e: | e: | e: |
ɛ | ɛ | ɛ, e | e | e | e | e | e |
ə | ə | ə | ə | ə, ɪ | ə | ə | ə |
əi | — | αi | əi | ai | əi | ai | ai |
əu | au | αu | əu | ou | əu | au | au |
fˠ | fˠ | f | f | f | f | f | f |
fʲ | fʲ | f′ | f′ | f′ | f′ | f′ | f′ |
ɡ | ɡ | g | g | ɡ | g | g | g |
ɣ | ɣ | ℊ | γ | ɣ | ɣ | ɣ | γ |
h | h | h | h, h′ | h | h | h | h |
iː | i | i: | i: | iː | i: | i: | i: |
ɪ | ɪ | ï, i, y | i | i | i | i | i |
iə | ia | iə | iə | iːə | iə | i:ə | iə |
j | j | j | j | ɣ′ | j | ɣ′ | γ′ |
ɟ | ɟ | g′ | g′ | ɡ′ | g′ | g′ | g′ |
k | k | k | k | k | k | k | k |
l̪ˠ | l̪ˠ | L | l | l | L | L | l |
lˠ | l | l | |||||
l̠ʲ | l̠ʲ | L′ | l′ | l′ | L′ | L′ | l′ |
lʲ | l | l′ | l′ | l′ | |||
mˠ | mˠ | m | m | m | m | m | m |
mʲ | mʲ | m′ | m′ | m′ | m′ | m′ | m′ |
n̪ˠ | n̪ˠ | N | n | n | N | N | n |
nˠ | n | n | n | ||||
n̠ʲ | n̠ʲ | N′ | n′ | n′ | N′ | N′ | n′ |
nʲ | n′ | n′ | n′ | ||||
ɲ | ɲ | ɲ | ŋ′ | ŋ′ | ŋ′ | ŋ′ | ŋ′ |
ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ |
oː | o | o:, ɔ: | o: | oː | o: | o: | o: |
ɔ | ʌ | ɔ, o̤ | o | o | o | o | o |
pˠ | pˠ | p | p | p | p | p | p |
pʲ | pʲ | p′ | p′ | p′ | p′ | p′ | p′ |
ɾˠ | ɾˠ | r, R | r | r | r | r | r |
ɾʲ | ɾʲ | r′ | r′ | r′ | r′ | r′ | r′ |
sˠ | sˠ | s | s | s | s | s | s |
ʃ | ɕ | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | s′ | s′ |
t̪ˠ | t̪ˠ | t | t | t | t | t | t |
tʲ | t̠ʲ | t′ | t′ | t′ | t′ | t′ | t′ |
uː | u | u: | u: | uː | u: | u: | u: |
ʊ | ɤ | U | u | u | u | u | u |
uə | ua | uə | uə | uːə | uə | u:ə | uə |
vʲ | vʲ | v | v′ | v′ | v′ | w′ | v′ |
w | w | w | v | v | w | w | v |
x | x | χ | x | x | x | x | x |
Close
註釋
- Irish makes contrasts between velarized ("broad") and palatalized ("slender") consonants. Velarized consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹ˠ› (that is not a capital Y but a Latin letter, based on a Greek lowercase gamma, ‹γ›), are pronounced with the back of the tongue raised toward the velum, which happens to the /l/ in English pill in some accents like RP and General American but not Hiberno-English. In Irish orthography, broad consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹a›, ‹o›, ‹u›. Slender consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹ʲ›, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate like the articulation of the ‹y› sound in yes. In Irish orthography, slender consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹e› and ‹i›.
- /h/ is neither broad nor slender.
- [w~βˠ~vˠ] depending on dialect and position.
- Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe. Irish (PDF). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1999: 111–116. ISBN 0-521-63751-1.
- Quiggin, E. C. A Dialect of Donegal: Being the Speech of Meenawannia in the Parish of Glenties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1906.
- Breatnach, Risteard B. The Irish of Ring, Co. Waterford. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 1947. ISBN 0-901282-50-2.
- Ó Sé, Diarmuid. Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne. Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann. 2000. ISBN 0-946452-97-0 (Irish). 引文格式1維護:未識別語文類型 (link)
- Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn. The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 1968. ISBN 0-901282-02-2.
- Ó Siadhail, Mícheál. Learning Irish: An Introductory Self-tutor. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1988. ISBN 0-300-04224-8.
- Foclóir póca: English-Irish/Irish-English dictionary. Dublin: An Gúm. 1993. ISBN 1-85791-047-8.
外部連結
- Irish Phonetic Transcription Converter—Free Online Tool to convert Irish Text to IPA Phonetic Transcription