另一解说来自当代作家印加·加西拉斯科·德拉维加（Inca Garcilasco de la Vega），印加公主之子兼征服者。他说“Birú”之名是印第安人的名字，来自一位被总督佩德罗·阿里亚斯·德阿维拉（Pedro Arias de Ávila）的探险队船员发现的印第安平民，并因为语言隔阂而引起了更多误解。[16]
西班牙政府于1529年《Capitulación de Toledo》赋予该名称的法律地位，把新发现的印加帝国命名为秘鲁行省。[17]在西班牙统治下，当地接受了秘鲁总督辖区的命名，独立后继续沿用“秘鲁”为国名。
1535年1月18日被皮萨罗建立的“众王之城（Ciudad de Reyes）”利马获选为总督辖区的首府，并发展成一座统治著西班牙南美洲属地的大城市。贵金属经过利马去到巴拿马地峡，并从当地运送到西班牙塞维利亚。到了18世纪，利马已经成为独树一格及有贵族气派的殖民首都、大学所在地以及西班牙在美洲大陆的主要据点。
秘鲁国会于1824年2月10日任命玻利瓦尔为秘鲁独裁官，这使他得以彻底重组政治和军事行政部门。在将军安东尼奥·何塞·苏克雷的协助下，玻利瓦尔于1824年8月6日的胡宁战役（英语：Battle of Junín）决定性地打败西班牙骑兵。苏克雷于12月9日再在阿亚库乔战役击败数量仍然占优势的西班牙军队残余。直到最后的保皇派据点皇家费利佩城堡于1826年投降后，战争才能结束。
原先，智利允许塔克纳和阿里卡于几年后公投决定从属。不过，智利不接受条约，两国都无法确定法定框架。考虑到双方的取态，美国认定公决已经无法进行。在各方直接谈判后，最终于1929年签订条约（《1929年利马条约（英语：Treaty of Lima (1929)）》），阿里卡并入智利，秘鲁保留塔克纳。塔克纳于1929年8月29日回归秘鲁。领土丧失与智利在秘鲁城市的严重洗劫使两国关系留有至今未解的伤疤。[来源请求]
总统布斯塔曼特·里韦罗（英语：José Bustamante y Rivero）希望借着限制军方和寡头的力量来建立一个更加民主的政府。不过，这位与阿普拉党合作而当选的总统，不久就与阿亚·德·拉·托雷不和。缺乏了阿普拉党的支持，布斯塔曼特·里韦罗的施政极其艰难。他解散了阿普拉党主导的内阁并且换成一个由军方成员主导的内阁。1948年，大臣曼努埃尔·奥德里亚与其他右翼内阁成员向布斯塔曼特·里韦罗请求禁止阿普拉党遭到拒绝，此后奥德里亚被解职。
有人担心他的独裁统治会无限期地进行，所以当奥德里亚允许举行新的选举时，这令人惊讶。当时，费尔南多·贝朗德·特里开始他的政治生涯，并领导民主青年国家阵线提交提名。国家选举委员会拒绝接受他的候选人资格后，他领导了一场大规模抗议活动，第二天，新闻杂志《Caretas》刊登了贝朗德举著国旗的震撼图片，其文章标题是“Así Nacen Los Lideres”（“领导就是这样炼成的”）。贝朗德的1956年选举最终输给了亲独裁右翼参选人曼努埃尔·普拉多·乌加特切。
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