User:澜薰/草稿
維基百科,自由的 encyclopedia
躁郁症,为躁狂抑郁症[4],是一种以抑郁期和异常亢奋心境交替出现的精神障碍。每个期间可持续数天至数周。[5][4]如果亢奋心境严重或伴有精神病症状,称为躁狂;如果较轻微,则称为亢奋。在躁狂期间,个体表现出异常的活力、[5]快乐或烦躁,经常会毫无顾忌地做出冲动的决定,对后果不加考虑。[5]在躁狂阶段,通常还伴随着对睡眠需求的减少。[4]在抑郁期间,个体可能会哭泣,对生活持消极看法,与他人的眼神接触较差。[4]自杀风险较高;在20年的时间里,6%的躁郁症患者死于自杀,而30-40%参与了自我伤害。其他心理健康问题,如焦虑障碍和物质使用障碍,常与躁郁症相关。[4]
Bipolar disorder | |
---|---|
同义词 | Bipolar affective disorder (BPAD),[1] bipolar illness, manic depression, manic depressive disorder, manic–depressive illness (historical),[2] manic–depressive psychosis, circular insanity (historical),[2] bipolar disease[3] |
Bipolar disorder is characterized by episodes of depression and hypomania or mania. | |
症状 | Periods of depression and elevated mood[4][5] |
併發症 | Suicide, self-harm[4] |
常見始發於 | 25 years old[4] |
类型 | Bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, others[5] |
肇因 | Environmental and genetic[4] |
风险因子 | Family history, childhood abuse, long-term stress[4] |
相似疾病或共病 | Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, personality disorders, schizophrenia, substance use disorder[4] |
治療 | Psychotherapy, medications[4] |
藥物 | Lithium, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants[4] |
盛行率 | 1–3%[4][6] |
分类和外部资源 | |
醫學專科 | Psychiatry |
[编辑此条目的维基数据] |
While the causes of this mood disorder are not clearly understood, both genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role.[4] Many genes, each with small effects, may contribute to the development of the disorder.[4][7] Genetic factors account for about 70–90% of the risk of developing bipolar disorder.[8][9] Environmental risk factors include a history of childhood abuse and long-term stress.[4] The condition is classified as bipolar I disorder if there has been at least one manic episode, with or without depressive episodes, and as bipolar II disorder if there has been at least one hypomanic episode (but no full manic episodes) and one major depressive episode.[5] It is classified as Cyclothymia if there are hypomanic episodes with periods of depression that do not meet the criteria for major depressive episodes.[10] If these symptoms are due to drugs or medical problems, they are not diagnosed as bipolar disorder.[5] Other conditions that have overlapping symptoms with bipolar disorder include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, personality disorders, schizophrenia, and substance use disorder as well as many other medical conditions.[4] Medical testing is not required for a diagnosis, though blood tests or medical imaging can rule out other problems.[11]
Mood stabilizers—lithium and certain anticonvulsants such as valproate and carbamazepine as well as atypical antipsychotics such as aripiprazole—are the mainstay of long-term pharmacologic relapse prevention.[12] Antipsychotics are additionally given during acute manic episodes as well as in cases where mood stabilizers are poorly tolerated or ineffective. In patients where compliance is of concern, long-acting injectable formulations are available.[12] There is some evidence that psychotherapy improves the course of this disorder.[13] The use of antidepressants in depressive episodes is controversial: they can be effective but have been implicated in triggering manic episodes.[14] The treatment of depressive episodes, therefore, is often difficult.[12] Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is effective in acute manic and depressive episodes, especially with psychosis or catatonia.[a][12] Admission to a psychiatric hospital may be required if a person is a risk to themselves or others; involuntary treatment is sometimes necessary if the affected person refuses treatment.[4]
Bipolar disorder occurs in approximately 2% of the global population.[16] In the United States, about 3% are estimated to be affected at some point in their life; rates appear to be similar in females and males.[6][17] Symptoms most commonly begin between the ages of 20 and 25 years old; an earlier onset in life is associated with a worse prognosis.[18] Interest in functioning in the assessment of patients with bipolar disorder is growing, with an emphasis on specific domains such as work, education, social life, family, and cognition.[19] Around one-quarter to one-third of people with bipolar disorder have financial, social or work-related problems due to the illness.[4] Bipolar disorder is among the top 20 causes of disability worldwide and leads to substantial costs for society.[20] Due to lifestyle choices and the side effects of medications, the risk of death from natural causes such as coronary heart disease in people with bipolar disorder is twice that of the general population.[4]