Consonants |
IPA | Examples |
b |
buy, cab |
d |
die, cad |
ð |
thy, breathe, father |
dʒ |
giant, badge, jam |
f |
phi, caff, fan |
ɡ (ɡ)[1] |
guy, bag |
h |
high, ahead |
j |
yes, yacht |
k |
sky, crack |
l |
lie, sly, gal |
m |
my, smile, cam |
n |
nigh, snide, can |
ŋ |
sang, sink, singer |
ŋɡ |
finger, anger |
θ |
thigh, math |
p |
pie, spy, cap |
r |
rye, try, very[2] |
s |
sigh, mass |
ʃ |
shy, cash, emotion |
t |
tie, sty, cat, atom |
tʃ |
China, catch |
v |
vie, have |
w |
wye, swine |
hw |
why[3] |
z |
xi, zoo, has |
ʒ |
pleasure, vision, beige[4] |
Marginal consonants |
x |
ugh, loch, Chanukah[5] |
ʔ |
uh-oh /ˈʌʔoʊ/ |
|
Vowels |
IPA | Full vowels | ... followed by R[6][7] |
ɑː |
palm, baht, father, bra |
ɑr |
start, bard, barn, snarl, star (also /ɑːr./) |
ɒ |
lot, pod, song, doll[8] |
ɒr |
moral, forage |
æ |
trap, pad, shall, ban |
ær |
barrow, marry |
aɪ |
price, ride, file, fine, pie[9] |
aɪər |
fire (/aɪr./)[7] |
aʊ |
mouth, loud, foul, down, how |
aʊər |
hour (/aʊr./)[7] |
ɛ |
dress, bed, fell, men[10] |
ɛr |
error, merry[11] |
eɪ |
face, made, fail, vein, pay |
ɛər |
square, scared, scarce, cairn, Mary (/eɪr./)[12][7] |
ɪ |
kit, lid, fill, bin |
ɪr |
mirror, Sirius |
iː |
fleece, seed, feel, mean, sea |
ɪər |
near, beard, fierce, serious (/iːr./) |
ɔː |
thought, Maud, dawn, fall, straw[13] |
ɔr |
north, born, for, aural (/ɔːr./) |
ɔɪ |
choice, void, foil, coin, boy |
ɔɪər |
loir, coir (/ɔɪr./)[7] |
oʊ |
goat, code, foal, bone, go[14] |
ɔər |
force, boar, more, oral (/oʊr./)[15] |
ʊ |
foot, good, full, woman |
ʊr |
courier |
uː |
goose, food, fool, soon, chew |
ʊər |
boor, moor, tourist (/uːr./)[16] |
juː |
cued, cute, mule, tune, queue[17] |
jʊər |
cure |
ʌ |
strut, mud, dull, gun[18] |
ʌr |
borough, hurry |
ɜr |
nurse, word, girl, fern, furry (/ɝː/)[19] |
Reduced vowels |
ə |
Rosa’s, a mission, comma |
ər |
letter, perform (also /ɚ/)[19] |
ɨ |
roses, emission[20] (either ɪ or ə) |
ən |
button |
ɵ |
omission[21] (either oʊ or ə) |
əm |
rhythm |
ʉ |
beautiful, curriculum ([jʉ])[22] (either ʊ or ə) |
əl |
bottle |
i |
happy, serious[23] (either ɪ or iː) |
ᵊ, ⁱ |
(vowel is frequently dropped: nasturtium) |
|
Stress |
Syllabification |
IPA | Examples |
IPA | Examples |
ˈ |
intonation /ˌɪntɵˈneɪʃən/,[24] battleship /ˈbætəlʃɪp/[25] |
. |
shellfish /ˈʃɛl.fɪʃ/, selfish /ˈsɛlf.ɨʃ/ nitrate /ˈnaɪ.treɪt/, night-rate /ˈnaɪt.reɪt/ hire /ˈhaɪər/, higher /ˈhaɪ.ər/ moai /ˈmoʊ.aɪ/, Windhoek /ˈvɪnt.hʊk/ Vancouveria /væn.kuːˈvɪəriə/[26] |
ˌ |
|