From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Citation Style 1 (CS1) is a well-used method of referencing Wikipedia articles using a series of templates that in turn use the meta-template {{Citation/core}}. The use of a central template makes individual citation templates simpler to code and amend, and produces a consistent look throughout the encyclopedia.
এই প্ৰবন্ধটো অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ কেনেকৈ কৰিব নিৰ্দেশিকা-ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। |
The use of CS1 or of templates is not compulsory; per WP:CITEVAR:
Citations within each Wikipedia article should follow a consistent style. Editors may choose any style they want. The English Wikipedia does not have a house style, so one article need not match what is done in other articles.
There are a number of templates that use a name starting with cite; many were developed independently of CS1 and are not compliant with the CS1 style. There are also a number of templates that use one of the general use templates as a meta-template to cite a specific source. Only general use templates that are fully compliant with CS1 are discussed here.
Template | Use | RefToolbar 1.0 | RefToolbar 2.0 | ProveIt | SnipManager | Cite4Wiki |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
{{Cite book}} | books | হয় | হয় | হয় | হয় | |
{{Cite conference}} | conference papers | হয় | ||||
{{Cite DVD-notes}} | DVD liner notes | |||||
{{Cite encyclopedia}} | edited collections | হয় | ||||
{{Cite interview}} | interviews | |||||
{{Cite journal}} | magazines, journals, academic papers | হয় | হয় | হয় | Sometimes[lower-alpha 1] | |
{{Cite mailing list}} | archived public mailing lists | |||||
{{Cite manual}} | manuals | |||||
{{Cite map}} | maps | |||||
{{Cite news}} | news articles in print, video, audio or web | হয় | হয় | হয় | হয় | Sometimes[lower-alpha 1] |
{{Cite newsgroup}} | online newsgroups | |||||
{{Cite press release}} | press releases | হয় | ||||
{{Cite sign}} | signs, plaques and other visual sources | |||||
{{cite speech}} | speeches | |||||
{{cite techreport}} | technical reports | |||||
{{Cite thesis}} | theses | |||||
{{Cite video}} | audio and video sources | হয় | হয় | |||
{{Cite web}} | web sources not characterized by another template | হয় | হয় | হয় | হয় | হয় |
The following templates use {{cite journal}} as a meta template. By simply entering an identifier, a bot will retrieve the citation information from a database and fill in the template.
Template | Identifier |
---|---|
{{Cite doi}} | Digital object identifier |
{{Cite jstor}} | JSTOR |
{{Cite pmid}} | PubMed |
{{Cite pmc}} | PubMed Central |
{{Cite arXiv}} | arXiv |
CS1 uses a series of templates that provide a consistent output. The main difference is in parameters optimized for the subject. For example, {{cite book}} has fields for title and chapter, whereas {{cite journal}} has fields for journal and title.
This help page uses the names most commonly used across the templates series; see each template's documentation for details.
CS1 templates present a citation generally as:
Authors may be included by separate parameters for the given name and surname. A single or first author would use |last=
and |first=
and subsequent authors would use |last2=
and |first2=
through |last9=
and |first9=
. This method shows the name in
last, first style:
You may also use |author=
through |author9=
to include the full author name. This method is used when
first last order style is used, the national or ethnic name style is not
first last or an organizational author is used. This may not create the expected anchor for Shortened footnotes and parenthetical referencing.
If the author has a Wikipedia article, the author name can be linked with |authorlink=
through |authorlink9=
. This method is used because |last=
and |first=
does not allow a wikilink. This link is not for an external website and will render incorrectly if one is used. If the author is notable enough to have an article, then the website should be linked in that article's "External links" section.
Editors are added in the same manner using |editor-last=
and |editor-first=
through |editor-last4=
and |editor-first4=
and |editorlink=
through |editorlink4=
.
The use of authors modifies the display and order of the citation:
By default, if nine authors are defined, then only eight will show and et al. will show in place of the last author. To change the number of authors, see Display options. If four editors are defined, then et al. will show in place of the last editor; there is no display option for editors.
If the source provides no author, as is common with newswire reporting and the internal pages of company websites, and the organizational author would be the same as the work/site/periodical, or the publisher, use:
|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->
This HTML comment saves a lot of long-term Wikipedia editorial time by alerting fact-checking and citation-fixing editors (and bots) that the publisher source specifically did not name the author and that this information wasn't accidentally omitted from the citation here.
In particular, avoid citations like {{cite news |work=Weekday Times|author=Weekday Times editors|title=...}}
, unless the article is on a field in which the majority of professionally published citations in journals on that field use such a redundant citation style.
The main function of |author=
being used for organizational citation is when the cited source, such as a committee report, specifically names an official body or a sub-unit (of the publisher as the collective author of the work, e.g. |author=Commission on Headphone Safety
or |author=Rules Sub-committee
. Using this parameter to assert what you think was probably the collective author, when the source itself does not specify that body as the collective author, is original research and falsification of source verifiability and reliability.
Dates are generally included by three parameters:
origyear=First published 1859
or origyear=Composed 1904
. This parameter only displays if there is a value for year or date.It is important that |date=
be used only for the full date; using a year only will create a malformed anchor when that feature is enabled.
Dates formats per WP:DATESNO:[Note 1]
Titles containing certain characters will display and link incorrectly unless those characters are replaced or encoded.
newline | [ | ] | | |
---|---|---|---|
space | [ | ] | | |
|at="Featured News" section
|url=
if used.|newspaper=New York Times
and |journals=Astrophysical Journal
but |newspaper=The Nation
) unless ambiguity would result. While many journals themselves use highly abbreviated titles when citing other journals (e.g. "J Am Vet Med" for "Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"), because specialists in the field the journal covers usually already know what these abbreviation mean. Our readers do not, and these abbreviations should always be expanded.:If the titled item being cited is part of some other larger work, such as a book, periodical or sub-organization, forming a sub-site at a domain name (e.g., the law school's section of a university's website system), it is usually better to use the name of that more specific work than that of the entire site/system. If the nature of the work and its relation to the site, book or other context in which it is found is complicated or confusing, simply explain the situation after the citation template and before the <ref></ref>
that closes the citation.|work=Amazon.com
and |publisher=Amazon
|magazine=New York Times
and |publisher=New York Times Company
|publisher=NYTC
.) Most professional and academic citation standards (and thus everyone familiar with any of them) do expect the publisher to be explicitly included, even where this may seem redundant. Adding it doesn't hurt anything, and eliminates the possibility that later editors will assume it was left out by mistake and waste time looking up the missing information.:If the work is self-published, this is a very important fact about potential reliability of the source, and needs to be specified, with |publisher=self-published
. When an exhaustive attempt to discover the name of the publisher (try whois for websites) fails, use |publisher=<!--Unspecified by source.-->
to explicitly indicate that this was checked, so other editors do not waste time duplicating your fruitless efforts. Do not guess at the publisher when this information isn't clear; doing so is a falsification of the verifiability of the source.|page=
or |pages=
.
|edition=2nd
produces "2nd ed." Can be omitted if there is no content difference; e.g. if a book was identically published but for ISBN number and maybe different cover art, once in the UK and again in the US, don't indicate "US" or "UK" edition; or if citing minute:seconds of a film and the film itself is the same cut with the same running time in the regular edition and a "Special Limited Collector's Edition", don't cite the unusual version.<ref></ref>
.Links to sources are regarded as conveniences and are not required, except when citing Web-only sources. There are many digital libraries with works that may be used as sources.
Do not link to:
Links should be kept as simple as possible. For example, when performing a search for a Google Book, the link for Monty Python and Philosophy would look like:
But can be trimmed to:
A direct link to a specific page may be used if supported by the host. For example, the link to page 173 of Monty Python and Philosophy on Google Books:
If the same source is reused with different pages, separate citations must be created. A way around this problem is to use {{rp}}
to provide linked page number citations.
URLs containing certain characters will display and link incorrectly unless those characters are encoded. For example, a space must be replaced by %20
.
sp | " | , | ' | ; | < | > | ? | [ | ] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
%20 | %22 | %2c | %3a | %3b | %3c | %3e | %3f | %5b | %5d |
The link button on the enhanced editing toolbar will encode a link.
URLs with certain filename extensions or URI schemes will apply an icon specific to that file type. This is done through MediaWiki CSS, not these templates.
The original link may become unavailable. When an archived version is located, the original URL is retained and |archiveurl=
is added with a link to an archived copy of a web page, usually from services like WebCite and the Internet Archive. |archivedate=
must be added to show the date the page was archived, not the date the link was added. When |archiveurl=
is used, |url=
and |archivedate=
are required, else an error will show. When an archived link is used, the citation displays with the title linked to the archive and the original link at the end:
|deadurl=no
:Most templates support these identifiers:
|ref=
|ref=harv
: Creates an anchor of the format CITEREFauthorslastnameyear
suitable for a {{harv}}
, {{sfn}}
etc. Examples:CITEREFHardcastle2006
which may be linked from {{harv|Hardcastle|2006|pp=12-34}}
.CITEREFHardcastleReisch2006
which may be linked from {{harv|Hardcastle|Reisch|2006|pp=12-34}}
.|ref=ID
: Creates a custom anchor defined by ID. This is useful where the author and/or date is unknown. The {{harvid}}
template may be used here to create an anchor suitable for a {{harv}}
, {{sfn}}
etc. For example, |ref={{harvid|Monty Python and Philosophy|2006}}
creates an anchor which may be linked from {{harv|Monty Python and Philosophy|2006|pp=12-34}}
These features are not often used, but can customize the display for use with other styles.
|author-mask=1
then the dash will be one em in length and so on. Set author-mask to a text value to display a word instead:– for example, 'with'. You must still include the parameters for all authors for metadata purposes. Do not use in a list generated by {{reflist}} or <references></references>
as there is no control as to the order that references will display.|display-authors=9
.|author-separator=
if set.|quote=
is specified.Online sources that require subscription or registration are acceptable. In these instances, add {{subscription required}} or {{registration required}} directly after the CS1 template.
Not all pieces of information about the source are required in a citation. Some elements not included:
The total number of pages in a source are not part of a citation.
Web hosts and physical locations are not part of a citation. There is no need to include a host such as Google Books, Project Gutenberg or Scribd and they should never be noted as the publisher. Similarly, a specific library, library record or a shelf location would not be included.
CS1 templates may be inserted manually or by use of tools:
Error checking:
|accessdate=
does not show.|url=
is not supplied, then |accessdate=
does not show; by design.|title=
field includes a newline or an invalid character then the link will be malformed; see Web links.|authorlink=
will break the link; this field is for the name of the Wikipedia article about the author, not a website.|last=
or |last1=
is not defined, then |last2=
will not show. By design.|page=
, |pages=
or |at=
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