मदद:IPA/Standard German

The charts below show the way International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents German language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

ई एक ठो जानकारी पन्ना बाटे एकरा द्वारा विकिपीडिया के आम परंपरा आ आपसी सहमति से बनल कुछ नीति आ निर्देश के जानकारी दिहल गइल बा। एकर उद्देश्य कौनों प्रक्रिया या निर्देश के बारे में जानकारी दिहल या ब्याख्या कइल बाटे। ई विकिपीडिया के नीति ना हवे आ जहाँ एह पन्ना पर लिखल बात नीति से अलग होखो, संबंधित नीति वाला पन्ना सीधे देखल जाय।

शॉर्टकट: H:IPAG

See Standard German phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of German. For a list of common pronunciation errors, see Anglophone pronunciation of foreign languages § German. For information on how to convert spelling to pronunciation, see German orthography § Grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences.

Consonants Examples English approximation DE AT CH b bei[1] ball ç ich, durch; China (DE) hue d dann[1] done f für, von fuss ɡ gut[1] guest h hat hut j Jahr yard k kann, Tag,[2] cremen cold l Leben last l̩ Mantel bottle m Mann must m̩ Atem rhythm n Name not n̩ beiden suddenly ŋ lang long p Person, ab[2] puck pf Pfeffer roughly like cupful ʁ r reden[3] DE: French rouge AT, CH: red (Scottish) s lassen, Haus, groß fast ʃ schon, Stadt shall t Tag, und[2] tall ts Zeit, Platz cats tʃ Matsch match v was[1] vanish x nach loch (no lock–loch merger) z Sie, diese[1] hose ʔ beamtet[4] ([bəˈʔamtət]) the glottal stops in uh-oh! Non-native consonants dʒ Dschungel[1][5] jungle ʒ Genie[1][5] pleasure Stress ˈ Bahnhofstraße ([ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə]) as in battleship /ˈbætəlˌʃɪp/ ˌ

Vowels Examples English approximation DE AT CH Monophthongs a alles[6] father, but rather short aː aber, sah[6] father, but rather long ɛ Ende, hätte bet ɛː spät, wählen[7] bed eː eben, gehen mate ɪ ist, bitte sit iː liebe, Berlin seed ɔ Osten, kommen RP lot, American law oː oder, hohe RP law œ öffnen somewhat like cut or RP hurt øː Österreich somewhat like RP bird or French peu ʊ und push uː Hut food ʏ müssen like hit but with the lips rounded yː über somewhat like few Diphthongs aɪ ein high aʊ auf, Haus vow ɔʏ Euro, Häuser roughly like choice Reduced vowels ɐ ər immer[3] DE, AT: sofa CH: Scottish butter ə Name ago Semivowels ɐ̯ r Uhr[3] DE, AT: sofa CH: Scottish far i̯ Studie yard u̯ aktuell would Non-native vowels ãː Gourmand[8] French Mont Blanc ɛ̃ː Pointe[8] French Chopin ɛɪ Mail[9] face õː Garçon[8] French chanson ɔʊ Code[9] goat œ̃ː Parfum[8] French vingt-et-un œːɐ̯ øːr O2 World[10] roughly like RP bird Shortened vowels a Kalender[6][11] father ã engagieren[8] French chanson ɛ̃ impair[8] French vingt-et-un e Element[11] dress i Italien[11] teach o originell[11] RP thought õ foncé[8] French Mont Blanc œ̃ Lundist[8] French vingt-et-un ø Ökonom[11] somewhat like hurt u Universität[11] truth y Psychologie[11] like meet but with the lips rounded

इहो देखल जाय

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Notes

1. In Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German, the lenis obstruents /b, d, ɡ, z, dʒ, ʒ/ are voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] and are distinguished from /p, t, k, s, tʃ, ʃ/ only by articulatory strength (/v/ is really voiced). The distinction is also retained word-finally. In German Standard German, voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] as well as [v̥] occur allophonically after fortis obstruents and, for /b, d, ɡ/, often also word-initially. See fortis and lenis.
2. In German Standard German, voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ are devoiced to [p, t, k] at the end of a syllable.
3. Pronunciation of /r/ in German varies according to region and speaker. While older prescriptive pronunciation dictionaries allowed only [r], that pronunciation is now found mainly in Switzerland, Bavaria and Austria. In other regions, the uvular pronunciation prevails, mainly as a fricative/approximant [ʁ]. In many regions except for most parts of Switzerland, the /r/ in the syllable coda is vocalized to [ɐ̯] after long vowels or after all vowels, and /ər/ is pronounced as [ɐ]
4. Initial vowels are usually preceded by [ʔ], except in Swiss Standard German.
5. Many speakers lack the lenis /ʒ/ and replace it with its fortis counterpart /ʃ/ (Hall 2003, p. 42). The same applies to the corresponding lenis /dʒ/, which also tends to be replaced with its fortis counterpart /tʃ/. According to the prescriptive standard, such pronunciations are not correct.
6. The Austrian and Swiss pronunciation of /a/ and /aː/ is [ɑ] and [ɑː] (Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter 2015). In some northern German dialects influenced by Low German there may be [æ~a] for /a/ but [ɑː] for /aː/ thus also having a difference in vowel quality not just length. (see e.g. Wierzbicka & Rynkowska 1992, pp. 412–415).
7. In Northern Germany, /ɛː/ often merges with /eː/ to [eː].
8. The nasal vowels occur in French loans. They are long [ãː, ɛ̃ː, õː, œ̃ː] when stressed and short [ã, ɛ̃, õ, œ̃] when unstressed. In colloquial speech they may be replaced with [aŋ, ɛŋ, ɔŋ, œŋ] irrespective of length, and the [ŋ] in these sequences may optionally be assimilated to the place of articulation of a following consonant, e.g. Ensemble [aŋˈsaŋbl̩] or [anˈsambl̩] for [ãˈsãːbl̩] (Mangold 2005, p. 65).
9. The diphthongs /ɛɪ, ɔʊ/ occur only in loanwords (mostly from English), such as okay. Depending on the speaker and the region, they may be monophthongized to [eː, oː] (or [e, o] in an unstressed syllable-final position). Thus, the aforementioned word okay can be pronounced as either [ɔʊˈkɛɪ] or [oˈkeː].
10. [œːɐ̯] or [øːr] is the German rendering of the English NURSE vowel /ɜːr/. It also appears in certain French surnames, e.g. Vasseur (Krech et al. 2009, pp. 64, 142).
11. [a, e, i, o, ø, u, y], the short versions of the long vowels [aː, eː, iː, oː, øː, uː, yː], are used at the end of unstressed syllables before the accented syllable and occur mainly in loanwords. In native words, the accent is generally on the first syllable, and syllables before the accent other than prepositional prefixes are rare but occasionally occur, e.g. in jedoch [jeˈdɔx], soeben [zoˈʔeːbn̩], vielleicht [fiˈlaɪçt] etc. In casual speech short [e, i, o, ø, u, y] preceding a phonemic consonant (i.e., not a [ʔ]) may be replaced with [ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, œ, ʊ, ʏ], e.g. [jɛˈdɔx], [fɪˈlaɪçt] (Mangold 2005, p. 65).

Bibliography

• Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992], Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (2nd ed.), Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
• Hove, Ingrid (2002). Die Aussprache der Standardsprache in der Schweiz. Tübingen: Niemeyer. ISBN 978-3-484-23147-4.
• Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
• Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Duden, ISBN 978-3411040667
• Moosmüller, S.; Schmid, C.; Brandstätter, J. (2015). "Standard Austrian German". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 45 (3): 339–348. doi:10.1017/S0025100315000055.
• Wierzbicka, Irena; Rynkowska, Teresa (1992), Samouczek języka niemieckiego: kurs wstępny (6th ed.), Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, ISBN 83-214-0284-4