Mumbai

Mumbai ( मुम्बई , od Mumbadevi, imena jedne lokalne božice, do 1995. Bombay बम्बई) glavni grad države Maharashtra u Indiji i najveća luka na Arapskom moru i indijskom potkontinentu. Grad je de facto finansijski centar i najnaseljeniji grad Indije sa procijenjenom populacijom (bez pojasa predgrađa) od 12,5 miliona stanovnika,^[5] dok s predgrađima i sjevernim dijelovima broji 18.414.288 stanovnika. Mumbai leži na obali Konkan na zapadnoj obali Indije i ima duboku prirodnu luku. Godine 2008. Mumbai je proglašen za alfa svjetski grad.^[6][7]

Mumbai Muṃbaī
Megagrad
Obrisi Mumbaija Kapije Indije World tornjevi Marine Drive, Mumbai Hotel Taj Mahal Palace Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Bandra–Worli
Grb
Nadimak/-ci: Grad snova, Grad sedam ostrva,[1] Indijski Hollywood,[2] Kapija Indije, Maksimalni grad[3]
Interactive Map Outlining Mumbai
Koordinate: 19°04′34″N 72°52′39″E
Država	Indija
Savezna država	Maharashtra
Okrug	Konkan
Distrikt	Mumbai City
Površina
• Megagrad	603 km2
• Metro	6.328 km2
Mjesto po površini	1
Nadmorska visina	14m m
Stanovništvo (2011)[4]
• Megagrad	12.478.447
• Gustoća	20.693,94 /km2
• Metro	18.414.288

Sedam ostrva koja čine Mumbai ranije su bila dom zajednicama Koli naroda^[8][9][10] koji govore maratski jezik. Vijekovima je sedam ostrva Bombaja bilo pod kontrolom uzastopnih domorodačkih vladara pre nego što su ustupljeni Portugalskom carstvu, a potom i Istočnoindijskoj kompaniji 1661. godine, preko miraza Katarine Braganze kada se udala za Engleskog Karla II.^[11] Beginning in 1782, Mumbai was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project,^[12] Počevši od 1782. godine, Mumbai je preoblikovan projektom Hornby Vellard,^[12] kojim je poduzeta rekultivacija područja između sedam otoka od mora.^[13] Zajedno sa izgradnjom glavnih puteva i željeznica, projekat melioracije, završen 1845, pretvorio je Mumbai u veliku pomorsku luku na Arapskom moru. Mumbaj u 19. stoljeću karakterizira ekonomski i obrazovni razvoj. Tokom ranog 20. vijeka postao je jaka baza za indijski pokret za nezavisnost. Nakon indijske nezavisnosti 1947. grad je uključen u državu Bombaj. 1960, nakon pokreta Samyukta Maharashtra, stvorena je nova država Maharashtra s Mumbaijem kao glavnim gradom.^[14]

Moderni razvoj grada počinje tek u prvoj polovini 19. vijeka, kada Bombay postaje sjedište indijske trgovine. U vrhu zaljeva Back Bay podignut je uz staru hinduističku jezgru niz monumentalnih zgrada (ističe se željeznička stanica Victoria). Otmjene stambene četvrti na poluotocima Kobala i Malabar stopile su se duž obala zaljeva u impozantnu cjelinu. Kulturno središte sa univerzitetom (od 1857.), bibliotekama, muzejima, nizom hramova, poznatom "kulom šutnje" (groblje bogatih Parsa) i drugi. Važan centar pamučne industrije, proizvodnja vune, svile i automobila; metalna, hemijska, drvna, kožna i prehrambena industrija; prerada nafte; filmska industrija (70% indijske proizvodnje). Na susjednom ostrvu Trombay izgrađen je prvi nuklearni reaktor u Indiji. Moderno uređena luka povezuje Bombay ("vrata Indije", naziv za grad i za monumentalnu građevinu kroz koju se iz luke ulazi u grad) i Indiju sa zapadnim svijetom. Izvozi se pamuk, sjemeno ulje, riža, pšenica, manganova ruda; uvozi tekstil i željezo, čelik, strojeve, ugalj. Željezničkim prugama i cestama Bombay je spojen s dalekim zaleđem. Važno čvorište međunarodnih zrakoplovnih linija.

Mumbai je finansijski, komercijalni,^[15] i zabvni centar Indije. Također je jedan od deset najvećih svjetskih trgovačkih centara u smislu globalnog finansijskog toka,^[16] koji proizvodi 6,16% indijskog BDP-a^[17] i čini 25% industrijske proizvodnje, 70% pomorske trgovine u Indiji (Mumbai Port Trust, Dharamtar Port i JNPT),^[18] i 70% kapitalnih transakcija indijskoj ekonomiji.^[19][20] U gradu se nalaze važne finansijske institucije i korporativna sjedišta brojnih indijskih kompanija i multinacionalnih korporacija. Također je dom nekih od vodećih indijskih naučnih i nuklearnih instituta. Grad je također dom bolivudske i marati kinematografije. Poslovne mogućnosti Mumbaija privlače migrante iz cijele Indije.

Historija

Historijska mapa Bombay-a

U portugalskoj vlasti je od 1534. Od 1661. pod upravom engleske Istočnoindijske kompanije. Od 1708. sjedište britanske uprave u Indiji. Brzo se razvija poslije otvaranja Sueskog kanala (1869.). Tu je 1908. došlo do prvog velikog radničkog štrajka u Indiji, koji je vojska ugušila u krvi. U oslobođenoj Indiji od 1947. sjedište provincije, a od 1956. federalne države Bombay. 1960. Bombay je postao glavni grad države Maharashtra.

Reference

1. "The Seven Islands". The Mumbai Pages. 16. 7. 1995. Arhivirano s originala, 26. 10. 2012. Pristupljeno 27. 10. 2012.
2. "Indian Cities and Their Nicknames – Complete List". 22. 7. 2015.
3. "Mumbai is truly maximum city". The Economic Times. Pristupljeno 15. 4. 2023.
4. "Maharashtra (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". Arhivirano s originala, 6. 10. 2014.
5. "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Arhivirano s originala (PDF), 7. 5. 2012. Pristupljeno 26. 3. 2012.
6. "The World According to GaWC 2008". Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC). Loughborough University. Arhivirano s originala, 23. 2. 2011. Pristupljeno 7. 5. 2009.
7. "Mumbai | ISAC". Indiastudyabroad.org. Arhivirano s originala, 12. 5. 2015. Pristupljeno 29. 5. 2015.
8. James, V. (1977). "Marriage Customs of Christian Son Kolis" (PDF). Asian Folklore Studies. 36 (2): 131–148. doi:10.2307/1177821. JSTOR 1177821. Arhivirano s originala, 2. 12. 2013.
9. Munshi, Kanaiyalal M. (1954). Gujarāt and its literature, from early times to 1852. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. str. xix. The next immigrants into the islands of Bombay were the Kolis, who on all authorities continued to be their original inhabitants till Aungier founded the city of Bombay. Kathiawad and Central Gujarāt was the home of the Kolis in pre-historic times.
10. Mehta, R. N. (1983). "Bombay – An analysis of the toponym". Journal of the Oriental Institute: 138–140. The kolis who succeeded the stone-age men on the island brought with them from Gujarat their patron goddess Mummai whom their descendants still worship in Kathiawar. The name of Bombay is derived from this koli goddess.
11. Wynne, S. M. (2004). "Catherine (1638–1705)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 1 (online izd.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4894. Arhivirano s originala, 16. 10. 2015. Pristupljeno 21. 2. 2015. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
12. Dwivedi i Mehrotra 2001, str. 28
13. "Once Upon a Time in Bombay". Foreign Policy. 24. 6. 2011. Arhivirano s originala, 9. 1. 2015. Pristupljeno 22. 2. 2012.
14. "Bombay: History of a City". British Library. Arhivirano s originala, 13. 2. 2009. Pristupljeno 8. 11. 2008.
15. Lakshmi, Rama (14. 4. 2011). "New millionaires hope to serve as role models for India's lower castes". The Washington Post. Mumbai. Arhivirano s originala, 23. 6. 2015. Pristupljeno 23. 6. 2015.
16. "Mumbai, a land of opportunities". The Times of India. 20. 7. 2011. Arhivirano s originala, 4. 8. 2014. Pristupljeno 22. 7. 2011.
17. "Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project". Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority. Arhivirano s originala, 26. 2. 2009. Pristupljeno 18. 7. 2008.
18. "10 worst oil spills that cost trillions in losses : Rediff.com Business". Rediff.com. Arhivirano s originala, 14. 8. 2010. Pristupljeno 16. 8. 2010.
19. "Development of Mumbai International Airport (NMIA)" (PDF). CIDCO. 2013. str. 7. Arhivirano s originala (PDF), 8. 8. 2014. Pristupljeno 8. 7. 2015.
20. Mahajan, Poonam (26. 7. 2014). "Poonam Mahajan explains why Mumbai is at the very heart of India story". DNA India. Mumbai. Arhivirano s originala, 21. 6. 2015. Pristupljeno 21. 6. 2015.

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Vanjski izvori