Austria-Hungary

Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire[lower-alpha 3] or the Dual Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe[lower-alpha 4] between 1867 and 1918. Austria-Hungary was a military and diplomatic alliance of two sovereign states, with a single monarch who was titled both Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary.[7] Austria-Hungary constituted the last phase in the constitutional evolution of the Habsburg monarchy: it was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 in the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War and was dissolved shortly after Hungary terminated the union with Austria on 31 October 1918.

Quick facts: Austro-Hungarian MonarchyÖsterreichisch-Ungar... ▼

Austro-Hungarian Monarchy Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie (German) Osztrák–Magyar Monarchia (Hungarian)
1867–1918
Coat of arms (1915–1918) (see also Flags of Austria-Hungary)
Motto: Indivisibiliter ac inseparabiliter ("Indivisibly and inseparably")
Anthem: Gott erhalte, Gott beschütze ("God preserve, God protect")
Austria–Hungary in 1914 on the Eve of World War I   Cisleithania, or "Austria"   Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or "Hungary"   Condominium of Bosnia-Herzegovina Austria, Hungary, and the Condominium (1908)
Capital	Vienna[1] (Austria) Budapest (Hungary)
Largest city	Vienna
Official languages	German Hungarian[2] Croatian (Croatia-Slavonia) Other spoken languages: Czech, Polish, Ruthenian, Romanian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, Italian, Romani (Carpathian), Yiddish,[4] and others (Friulian, Istro-Romanian, Ladin)
Religion (1910[5])	76.6% Catholic[lower-alpha 1] 8.9% Protestant[lower-alpha 2] 8.7% Eastern Orthodox 4.4% Jewish 1.3% Muslim
Demonym(s)	Austro-Hungarian
Government	Constitutional dual monarchy
Emperor-King
• 1867–1916	Franz Joseph I
• 1916–1918	Karl I & IV
Minister-President of Austria
• 1867 (first)	F. F. von Beust
• 1918 (last)	Heinrich Lammasch
Prime Minister of Hungary
• 1867–1871 (first)	Gyula Andrássy
• 1918 (last)	Mihály Károlyi
Legislature	2 national legislatures
• Imperial Council	House of Lords House of Deputies
• Diet of Hungary	House of Magnates House of Representatives
Historical era	New Imperialism World War I
• 1867 Compromise	30 March 1867
• Dual Alliance	7 October 1879
• Bosnian Crisis	6 October 1908
• July Crisis	28 June 1914
• Invasion of Serbia	28 July 1914
• Empire dissolved	31 October 1918
• Austrian Republic	12 November 1918
• Hungarian Republic	16 November 1918
• Treaty of Saint-Germain	10 September 1919
• Treaty of Trianon	4 June 1920
Area
1905[6]	621,538 km2 (239,977 sq mi)
Currency	Florin (1867–1892) Krone (1892–1918)
Preceded by Succeeded by Austrian Empire Legal successors: Austria Hungary Other territorial successors: Czechoslovakia Poland West Ukraine Yugoslavia Romania Italy

One of Europe's major powers at the time, Austria-Hungary was geographically the second-largest country in Europe after the Russian Empire, at 621,538 km² (239,977 sq mi)[6] and the third-most populous (after Russia and the German Empire). The Empire built up the fourth-largest machine-building industry in the world, after the United States, Germany and the United Kingdom.[8] Austria-Hungary also became the world's third-largest manufacturer and exporter of electric home appliances, electric industrial appliances, and power generation apparatus for power plants, after the United States and the German Empire,[9] and it constructed Europe's second-largest railway network after the German Empire.^{[citation needed]}

With the exception of the territory of Bosnian Condominium, Empire of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary were separate sovereign countries in international law. Thus separate representatives from Austria and Hungary signed peace treaties agreeing to territorial changes,[10] for example the Treaty of Saint-Germain and the Treaty of Trianon. Citizenship[11] and passports were also separate.[12]

At its core was the dual monarchy which was a real union between Cisleithania, the northern and western parts of the former Austrian Empire, and the Kingdom of Hungary. Following the 1867 reforms, the Austrian and Hungarian states were co-equal in power. The two countries conducted unified diplomatic and defence policies. For these purposes, "common" ministries of foreign affairs and defence were maintained under the monarch's direct authority, as was a third finance ministry responsible only for financing the two "common" portfolios. A third component of the union was the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, an autonomous region under the Hungarian crown, which negotiated the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement in 1868. After 1878, Bosnia and Herzegovina came under Austro-Hungarian joint military and civilian rule[13] until it was fully annexed in 1908, provoking the Bosnian crisis.[14]

Austria-Hungary was one of the Central Powers in World War I, which began with an Austro-Hungarian war declaration on the Kingdom of Serbia on 28 July 1914. It was already effectively dissolved by the time the military authorities signed the armistice of Villa Giusti on 3 November 1918. The Kingdom of Hungary and the First Austrian Republic were treated as its successors de jure, whereas the independence of the West Slavs and South Slavs of the Empire as the First Czechoslovak Republic, the Second Polish Republic, and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, respectively, and most of the territorial demands of the Kingdom of Romania and the Kingdom of Italy were also recognized by the victorious powers in 1920.