This is a list of Mughal empresses. Most of these empresses were either from branches of the Timurid dynasty or from the royal houses of the Rajputs. Alongside Mughal emperors, these empresses played a role in the building up and rule of the Mughal Empire in South Asia, from the early 16th century to the early 18th century. The Mughal Empire mainly corresponds in the present day to the modern countries of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Iran and Nepal.
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Harold, Lamb (2010). Swords from the East. University of Nebraska Press. p. 364. ISBN 9780803229723.
Begum, Gulbadan (1902). The History of Humayun (Humayun-Nama). Royal Asiatic Society. p. 262.
Aftab, Tahera (2008). "Section Two. Muslim women in the history of South Asia". Inscribing South Asian Muslim women : an annotated bibliography & research guide (Online-Ausg. ed.). Leiden: Brill. p. 46. ISBN 9789004158498.
Begum, Gulbadan (1902). The History of Humayun (Humayun-Nama). Royal Asiatic Society. p. 260.
Lal, Ruby (2005). Domesticity and power in the early Mughal world. Cambridge University Press. p. 205. ISBN 9780521850223.
Burke, S. M. (1989). Akbar: The Greatest Mogul. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 143.
Smith, Bonnie G., ed. (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Vol. 4. Oxford University Press. p. 656. ISBN 9780195148909.
Hindu Shah, Muhammad Qasim (1590–1612). Gulshan-I-Ibrahimi. Vol. 2. p. 223.
Sujan Rai, Bhandari (1695). Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh. Zafar Hasan. p. 374.
Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1984). Advance Study in the history of Medieval India:Mughal Empire. Vol. II. Sterling Publisher Private Limited. p. 222. ISBN 978-81-207-1015-3. Bihari Mal gave rich dowry to his daughter and sent his son Bhagwan Das with a contingent of Rajput soldiers to escort his newly married sister to Agra as per Rajput custom. Akbar was deeply impressed by the highly dignified, sincere and princely conduct of his Rajput relations. He took Man Singh, the youthful son of Bhagwant Das into the royal service. Akbar was fascinated by the charm and accomplishments of his Rajput wife; he developed real love for her and raised her to the status of chief queen. She came to exercise profound impact on socio-cultural environment of the entire royal household and changed the lifestyle of Akbar. Salim (later Jahangir), heir to the throne, was born of this wedlock on 30th August, 1569.
Eraly, Abraham (2007). Emperors of the Peacock Throne, The Saga of the Great Mughals. Penguin Books India. p. 299. ISBN 0141001437.
Balabanlilar, Lisa. Imperial Identity in the Mughal Empire : Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern South and Central Asia. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 10. ISBN 9781848857261.
Findly, Ellison Banks (1993). Nur Jahan, empress of Mughal India. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 125. ISBN 9780195360608.
Lach, Donald F.; Kley, Edwin J. Van (1998). Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 2, South Asia. University of Chicago Press. p. 689. ISBN 9780226466972.
Blake, Stephen P. (2002). Shahjahanabad: the sovereign city in Mughal India, 1639-1739. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 63. ISBN 9780521522991.
South Asia Papers - Volume 2. South Asian Institute, University of Punjab. 1978. p. 96.
Sarkar, Sir Jadunath (1973). 1618-1659. Orient Longman. p. 34.
Bhuyan, Suryya Kumar (1957). Atan Buragohain and His Times: A History of Assam, from the Invasion of Nawab Mir Jumla in 1662-63, to the Termination of Assam-Mogul Conflicts in 1682. Lawyer's Book stall. p. 31.
Sarkar, Sir Jadunath (1933). Studies in Aurangzib's reign: (being Studies in Mughal India, first series). Orient Longman. p. 44.
Sharma, Sudha (March 21, 2016). The Status of Muslim Women in Medieval India. SAGE Publications India. p. 82. ISBN 978-9-351-50567-9.
Irvine, William (1971). Later Mughals. New Delhi: Munishram Manoharlal. pp. 180, 192–197. OCLC 952981690.
Sarkar, Jadunath (1997). Fall of the Mughal Empire (4th ed.). Hyderabad: Orient Longman. p. 169. ISBN 9788125011491.
- Banks Findly, Ellison (11 February 1993). Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India. Oxford, UK: Nur Jahan : Empress of Mughal India. ISBN 9780195074888.
- Prasad, Beni (1930). History of Jahangir. Allahabad: The Indian Press.
- Beveridge, Henry (1907). Akbarnama of Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak – Volume III. Asiatic Society, Calcutta.
- Mukhia, Harbans (2004). The Mughals of India. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-18555-0.
- Nicoll, Fergus (2009). Shah Jahan: The Rise and Fall of the Mughal Emperor. London: Haus. ISBN 978-1-906598-18-1.
- Syed, Anees Jahan (1977). Aurangzeb in Muntakhab-al Lubab. Somaiya Publications.