L'Enfant Plan

The L'Enfant Plan^[3] for the city of Washington is the urban plan developed in 1791 by Major Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant for George Washington, the first president of the United States.^[2][4] It is regarded as a landmark in urban design and has inspired plans for other world capitals such as Brasilia, New Delhi, and Canberra. In the United States, plans for Detroit, Indianapolis, and Sacramento took inspiration from the plan for Washington, DC.

Facsimile of 1791 L'Enfant Plan for Washington, D.C.
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (1887)
Location	Washington, D.C., U.S.
Coordinates	38°53′26″N 77°1′13″W
NRHP reference No.	97000332
Designated	April 24, 1997[1][2]

History

Further information: History of Washington, D.C. § Founding

View of the City of Washington in 1792

L'Enfant was a French artist and engineer who served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.^[5] In 1789, discussions were underway regarding a new federal capital city for the United States, and L'Enfant wrote to President Washington asking to be commissioned to plan the city. However, any decision on the capital was put on hold until July 1790 when Congress passed the Residence Act.^[6] The legislation specified that the new capital should be situated on the Potomac River, at some location between the Eastern Branch (the Anacostia River) and the Conococheague Creek near Hagerstown, Maryland. The Residence Act gave authority to President Washington to appoint three commissioners to oversee the survey of the federal district and provide public buildings to accommodate the Federal government in 1800.^[7][8]

In 1791, Washington appointed L'Enfant to plan the new federal city, under the supervision of three commissioners whom Washington had earlier appointed to oversee the planning and development of the territory that became the District of Columbia. Included in the new district were the riverport towns of Georgetown (formerly in Montgomery County, Maryland) and Alexandria, Virginia.^[2]

Thomas Jefferson, who was serving as Washington's secretary of state, worked with Washington in the overall planning of the nation's capital. Jefferson sent L'Enfant a letter outlining his task, which was to provide a drawing of suitable sites for the federal city and the public buildings. Jefferson had modest ideas for the capital. However, L'Enfant saw the task as far more grandiose, believing that he was also devising the city plan and designing the buildings.^[9] He would also taken inspiration from the work of André Le Nôtre, Domenico Fontana's plan for Rome and Sir Christopher Wren's unrealized plan for London.

L'Enfant arrived in Georgetown on March 9, 1791, and began his work from Suter's Fountain Inn.^[10] Washington arrived on March 28 to meet with L'Enfant and the commissioners for several days.^[11] L'Enfant was also provided a roll of maps by Jefferson depicting Frankfurt, Amsterdam, Strasbourg, Paris, Orleans, Bordeaux, Lyon, Marseille, Turin, and Milan.^[12] On June 22, L'Enfant presented his first plan for the federal city to the president.^[13][14][15] On August 19, he appended a new map to a letter that he sent to the president.^[14][16] Washington retained a copy of one of L'Enfant's plans, showed it to the Congress, and later gave it to the three commissioners.^[17]

In November 1791, L'Enfant secured the lease of quarries at Wigginton Island and southeast along Aquia Creek to supply well-regarded Aquia Creek sandstone for the foundation of the Congress House.^[18] However, his temperament and insistence that his city design be realized as a whole brought him into conflict with the commissioners, who wanted to direct the limited funds into construction of federal buildings, and they had Jefferson's support in the matter. Ultimately, George Washington dismissed him due to insubordination.

The Plan

Boston Public Library Facsimile of manuscript of Peter Charles L'Enfant's 1791 plan for the federal capital city (U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1887)^[19]

Design of the Federal City: L'Enfant Plan of Washington Superimposed on the Rectangular System From which He Worked (1930)^[20]

L'Enfant's "plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of the United States..." encompassed an area bounded by the Potomac River, the Eastern Branch, the base of the escarpment of the Atlantic Seaboard Fall Line, and Rock Creek (named on the plan as Pine Creek).^[15][21][22] His plan specified locations for two buildings, the "Congress House" (the United States Capitol) and the "President's House" (known after its 1815–1817 rebuilding and repainting of its stone walls, as the White House or Executive Mansion).^[23][21]

The plan specified that most streets would be laid out in a grid. To form the grid, some streets (later named for letters of the alphabet) would travel in an east–west direction, while others (named for numbers) would travel in a north–south direction. Broader diagonal grand avenues, later named after the states of the Union, crossed the north–south-east/west grid.^{[21][24][25][26]} These "grand avenues" intersected with the north–south and east–west streets at circles and rectangular plazas that would later honor notable Americans and provide open space.^[21]

L'Enfant's plan additionally laid out a system of canals (later designated as the Washington City Canal) that would pass the Congress House and the President's House. One branch of the canal would empty into the Potomac River south of the President's House at the mouth of Tiber Creek, which would be channelized and straightened. The other branch of the canal would channelize James Creek and would divide and empty into the Eastern Branch at two separate points near the Eastern Branch's confluence with the Potomac River.^[21][27][25] The scale and complexity of the canals in the 1791-92 plan and its revisions suggested the importance of the canals within the grand design of the city, with important structures located along its banks—the proposed National Pantheon, Judiciary Square, a market/exchange complex, a national bank and theater, as well as a grand church complex.^[28]

"Congress House"

The Congress House (known as the United States Capitol) would be built on Jenkins Hill (later to be known as Capitol Hill), which L'Enfant described as a "pedestal awaiting a monument".^[21][29] Emphasizing the importance of the new nation's legislature, the Congress House would be located on a longitude designated as 0:0.^{[16][19][30][24]} John Trumbull was given a tour of Jenkins Hill; Trumbull confirmed in his autobiography that the concept for a "great circular room and dome" had originated with L'Enfant. After L'Enfant's dismissal, a competition was held for the design of the Congress House. A plan by Dr. William Thornton, a Scottish-trained physician from Tortola, British West Indies, was praised by President Washington for its "grandeur, simplicity, and convenience," leading to its acceptance on April 5, 1793, with Washington's formal approval on July 25.

"President's House"

The President's House would be situated on a ridge parallel to the Potomac River north of the mouth of Tiber Creek, which L'Enfant proposed to canalize. L'Enfant envisioned the President's House to have public gardens and monumental architecture. Reflecting his grandiose visions, he specified that the President's House (occasionally referred to as the President's Palace) would be five times the size of the building that was actually constructed, even then becoming the largest residence then constructed in America.^[9] After L'Enfant's dismissal, James Hoban was selected to design the building.

The Mall

A prominent geometric feature of L'Enfant's plan was a large right triangle whose hypotenuse was a wide avenue (now part of Pennsylvania Avenue, NW) connecting the President's House and the Congress House.^[2][25][31] To complete the triangle, a line projecting due south from the center of the President's House intersected at a right angle a line projecting due west from the center of the Congress House.^[25][31] A 400-foot-wide (122 m) garden-lined grand avenue containing a public walk (later to know as the National Mall) would travel for about 1 mile (1.6 km) along the east–west line.^[25][31]

West side of Jefferson Pier, with Washington Monument in background (2012)

In 1793, a wooden marker was placed at the triangle's southwest corner (the intersection of the cross axis of the White House and the Capitol).^[28] A small stone obelisk, the Jefferson Pier, replaced the marker in 1804.^[31][32]

Squares and Public Spaces

The 15 states at the time were each allocated a square to build on and decorate as they saw fit. They would be located along the avenues and were to be easily visible from each other to engender friendly competition. The plan identified some of the circles and rectangular plazas as numbered reservations. The plan's legends identified uses for other open spaces that letters in the alphabet identified. Other legends specified the widths of grand avenues and streets.^[21]

Plan References

Along the margins of the plan and map was a key of references authored by L'Enfant himself.

Reference A: An equestrian statue of George Washington (depicted here in Washington Circle) was intended for the site of the Washington Mounment

Reference A

"THE equestrian figure of George Washington, a monument voted in by the late Continental Congress."^[33]

Reference B

“An historic column – also intended for a mile or itinerary column, from whose station, (a mile from the Federal house) all distances of places through the Continent, are to be calculated” (now the site of Lincoln Park) ^[21][34]

Reference C

"A Naval itinerary Column, proposed to be erected to celebrate the first prize of a Navy and to stand a ready Monument to consecrate its progress and achievements. . . ."

Reference D

"The Church is intended for national purposes such as public prayer, Thanksgiving, funeral orations, and assigned to no special sect or denomination, but equally open to all. It will be likewise a proper shelter as were voted by the late Continental Congress, for those heroes that fell in the cause of liberty, as for such others as may hereafter by decreed by the voice of a grateful nation." (Now the site of the National Portrait Gallery)

Reference E: The fountain at 11th and New-York Ave, NW is the location of one of the fountains on the historic plan

Reference E

"Five grand fountains intended with a constant spout of water. N. B. There are within the limits of the City above 25 good springs of excellent water abundantly supplied in the driest season of the year."

Reference F

"Grand Cascade, formed of water from the sources of the Tiber."

^{Library of Congress}
Reference H: The original design of The Mall or "Grand Avenue", 1791

Reference G

"Public walk, being a square of 1200 feet, through which carriages may ascend to the upper Square of the Federal House."

Reference H

"Grand Avenue, 400 feet in breadth, and about a mile in length, bordered with gardens, ending in a slope from the houses on each side. This Avenue leads to Monument A and connects the Congress Garden with the...

Reference I

President’s park and the...

Reference K

Well improved field being part of the public walk from the President’s house, of about 1800 feet in breadth, and ¾ a mile in length. Every lot deep colored red with green plots, designates some of the situations, which command the most agreeable prospects, and which are the best calculated for spacious houses and gardens, such as may accommodate foreign ministers &

Reference L

Around this square, and all along the avenue

Reference M: Thomas Jefferson provided L'Enfant with plans for Turin. Via Roma (pictured here) features shops and arched ways similar to what L'Enfant envisioned for the design of East Capitol Street.

Reference M

Around the square [to the east] of the Capitol [and] along the Avenue from the two bridges to the Federal house, the pavement on each side will pass under an arched way, under whose cover Shops will be most conveniently and agreeably situated. This street is 160 feet in breadth and a mile long."

Additional References

"The squares colored yellow, being fifteen in number, are proposed to be divided among the several states, in the Union for each of them to improve or subscribe in additional value to the land that purpose and improvements round the Squares are to be completed in a limited time."

"The center of each Square will admit of Statues, Columns, Obelisks, or any other ornament such as the different States may choose to erect: to perpetuate not only the memory of such individuals whose counsels or Military achievements were conspicuous in giving liberty and independence to this Country; but also those whose usefulness hath rendered them worthy of general imitation, to invite the youth of succeeding generations to tread in the paths of those sages, or heroes whom their country has thought proper to celebrate."

"The situation of these Squares is such that they are the most advantageously and reciprocally seen from each other and as equally distributed over the whole City district, and connected by spacious avenues round the grand Federal Improvements and as contiguous to them, and at the same time as equally distant from each other, as circumstances would admit. The Settlements round those Squares must soon become connected.”

Andrew Ellicott's revisions to the plan

^{Library of Congress}

L'Enfant's original design for Dupont and Logan Circles (outlined in red) featured rectangular and triangular shapes respectively. Both were later modified to a circular shape by Ellicott.

Ellicott's Plan of the City of Washington in the Territory of Columbia, engraved by Samuel Hill, Boston, 1792, showing street names, lot numbers, the coordinates of the Capitol and legends^[35]

^{Boston Public Library}

Ellicott's Plan of the City of Washington in the Territory of Columbia engraved by Thackera & Vallance, Philadelphia, 1792, showing the names of L'Enfant's "grand avenues" and East Capitol Street, the coordinates of the Capitol, the depths of the channels of the Potomac River and the Eastern Branch, lot numbers and legends^[36]

Under the direction of the commissioners, Andrew Ellicott had in 1791 been conducting the first survey of the boundaries of the federal district (the "Territory of Columbia") as well as assisting L'Enfant in the planning and survey of the smaller federal city (the "City of Washington"). In February 1792, Ellicott informed the commissioners that L'Enfant had not been able to have the city plan engraved and had refused to provide him with an original version of the plan for the city.^[37][38] Ellicott and his brother Benjamin then revised the plan, despite L'Enfant's protests.^[37][38][39]

Ellicott's revisions changed the city's planned layout. His changes included the straightening of a grand avenue (Massachusetts Avenue), the removal of L'Enfant's Square No. 15 and several other open spaces, as well as the conversions of some circles and arcs to rectangles and straight lines (one of which straightened an arc on the southern side of the present Judiciary Square). His revisions also identified L'Enfant's Congress House as the Capitol.^[37][40]

After President Washington dismissed L'Enfant, Andrew Ellicott and his assistants continued the city survey in accordance with the revised plan, several versions of which were engraved, published, and distributed in Philadelphia and Boston. As a result, Ellicott's revision subsequently became the basis for the capital city's development.^[37][41]

Ellicott's most complete plan, engraved and printed in 1792 by Thackera and Valance in Philadelphia, contained the names of L'Enfant's grand avenues and East Capitol Street as well as lot numbers and the depths of the channels of the "Potomak" River and the Eastern Branch. This and other plans that Ellicott designed lacked both L'Enfant's name and the numerical designations for the reservations that L'Enfant had placed in the plan. The legends in each conveyed less information that did those in L'Enfant's plan.^[36][37]

Manuscripts and copies of the plan

In a paper published in 1899, John Stewart, a civil engineer who was in charge of records in the United States Army Engineers' Office of Public Buildings and Grounds,^[42] wrote that President Washington had sent one of L'Enfant's handwritten plans to Congress on December 13, 1791.^[43] Stewart wrote that L'Enfant had sent this plan to the president on August 19, 1791, and had also prepared a larger exact copy.^[43] Stewart stated that surveyors had used the copy to lay out the city's streets and that L'Enfant had employed a Philadelphia architect to draft a copy of the larger version for L'Enfant's own use.^[44]

Stewart also wrote that President Washington had in December 1796 sent to the commissioners a plan of the city that had contained penciled directions from Thomas Jefferson that identified those parts of the plan that the plan's engravers should omit.^[45] Stewart stated that he had discovered that plan in the commissioners' office in 1873.^[45] He reported that the plan was still in that office in 1898.^[45]

During 1882, Stewart had been in charge of records that the Office of the United States Commissioner of Public Buildings was holding. In that year, he created a black and white copy of several portions of a manuscript plan of the federal capital city.^[46] The last line in an oval in the upper left corner of Stewart's reproduction contains the words "Peter Charles L'Enfant", which are written in a typeface and alignment that are similar to those in the line that precedes it.^[46] Stewart certified that "this is a true copy of the original in this office".^[46]

Five years later, in 1887, the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey prepared a colored tracing of a manuscript plan.^[47][48] The last line in the oval contained the words "By Peter Charles L'Enfant", which were written in a serif typeface.^[48] The typeface and its alignment differed from those in the oval's preceding line.^[48]

Printers published the tracing in at least four formats,^[19][49] which together enabled the plan to be widely distributed for the first time. The printers added to each of the reproduced tracings a copy of a message that a survey assistant had sent to the survey's superintendent.^[19][49] The message stated that the acting secretary of the treasury had directed that the tracing be produced for the purposes of preservation and reproduction.^[19][49] The message further stated that the plan's original manuscript was in a dilapidated state and had earlier been mounted on cotton cloth and varnished for preservation, rendering the manuscript "quite opaque".^[19][49]

The survey assistant's message additionally contained a synopsis of letters requesting the tracing that a special assistant attorney for the United States, the United States attorney for the District of Columbia, the United States attorney general, the acting secretary of the treasury and the United States secretary of war had written.^[19][49] The assistant attorney's letter stated that pending litigation (see Morris v. United States [the "Potomac Flats" case])^[50] had necessitated the plan's reproduction to enable the United States government to establish title of the Government to the Potomac Flats.^[19][49]

^{National Archives and Records Administration}

Letter documenting the return of the L'Enfant Plan to the Office of Buildings and Grounds, December 19, 1888

The assistant attorney's letter further stated that an office of the Corps of Engineers that was in charge of public buildings and grounds was holding the original plan, which had become so indistinct that it could not be accurately photographed.^[19][49] Several of the letter writers asked the Coast and Geodetic Survey to return the original manuscript plan to the War Department after the Survey had reproduced it, whereupon it was returned to the Corps' Office of Buildings and Grounds.^[19][49]

In 1930, the chief of the Division of Maps at the Library of Congress compared the wording in one of reproduced tracings to the wording in an annex to a plan of the City of Washington which, according to a January 1792 publication,^[51] President Washington had recently sent to Congress and which contained the words "By Peter Charles L'Enfant".^[48] The librarian concluded that the two maps were not the same.^[48]

A Library of Congress web page states that, on November 11, 1918, a map that L'Enfant had prepared was presented to the Library of Congress for safekeeping.^[17] In a 1930 report to the National Capital Park and Planning Commission, William Partridge described the features and history of that map, as well as the changes that Andrew Ellicott had apparently made to the map.^[52] In a 1930 report to the National Capital Park and Planning Commission, William Partridge described the features and history of that map, as well as the changes that Andrew Ellicott had apparently made to the map.^[53]

Partridge noted that L'Enfant had written that all of his drawings had been seized in December 1791, but that only one, a plan for the city of Washington, had been recovered.^[54] He further stated that although L'Enfant had produced a number of versions of his plan, only one (an intermediate version) was still known to exist. Partridge concluded that the origin of that plan, which the Library of Congress was holding, was still in doubt.^[55] That plan, which the Library now holds in its Geography and Map Division,^[17] is still the only map of the capital city bearing L'Enfant's name that is widely known.

The library's web page states that, in 1991, to commemorate the two hundredth anniversary of the manuscript map, the Library of Congress, in cooperation with the National Geographic Society, the National Park Service and the United States Geological Survey, published an exact-size, full-color facsimile^[56] and an uncolored computer-assisted reproduction^[21] of that map.^[17] The manuscript's upper left corner contains an oval that identifies the title of the map, followed by the words "By Peter Charles L'Enfant" written in a serif typeface that has the same alignment as does that in the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey's 1887 tracing.^[21]

The library states that these reproductions were the library's first facsimiles to be based on photography and electronic enhancement technology.^[17] The library further states that, during the reproduction process, it was possible to record faint editorial annotations that Thomas Jefferson had made and which are now virtually illegible on the original map.^[17] Some of the differences between L'Enfant's and Ellicott's plans, including the name of the Capitol and the absence in Ellicott's plan of L'Enfant's name and some of his plan's legends, reflect the instructions contained in Jefferson's annotations.

The library states (as did Partridge)^[57] that it is believed that its Plan is one that L'Enfant submitted to President Washington in August 1791.^[17] However, others have contended that the named manuscript map that the library holds is actually an earlier draft that was hand-delivered to George Washington in June 1791.^[58]

The Washington Family, depicts L'Enfant's Plan

The library has in its collections a "Dotted line map of Washington, D.C., 1791" that lacks an author's name.^[58][59] The library's notes state that this document is a "Ms. survey map drawn by P.C. L'Enfant" and is "accompanied by positive and negative photocopies of L'Enfant's letter to George Washington, Aug. 19, 1791, the original in the L'Enfant papers".^[59] (L'Enfant's papers include an August 19, 1791, letter to President Washington that contains an "annexed map of dotted lines".^[16][58]) The named plan would therefore be the one that L'Enfant annexed to his June 22, 1791 letter to the president.^[13][58] Comparisons of Andrew Ellicott's February 1792 revision of L'Enfant's Plan with the two manuscript maps suggest that Ellicott had based his revision (which printers distributed soon after its preparation) on the August 1791 "dotted line map", rather than in June 1791 manuscript.^[58]

Today, various government agencies such as the National Capital Planning Commission and United States Commission of Fine Arts oversee development in the city and surrounding areas ensuring adherence to the L'Enfant plan and its historical accuracy.

Features of L'Enfant Plan

Public Reservations, 1894

Witherspoon Park at 18th and N Street, NW, is an example of a triangular park

Layout

Broad avenues, dramatic vistas, squares and circles are some notable features found both in the plan and the city itself. However, some other features include triangular parks formed by the geometry of the plan. These spaces can be found across the city; they exist in L'Enfant's plan from the very beginning and serve as a green oasis, areas for commemorative statues, and fountains.

The Center

The importance of the location of "Congress House" cannot be understated. L'Enfant viewed this structure as the center of the plan from which everything would radiate out, similar to the sun serving as the center of our solar system. L'Enfant saw East Capitol Street not merely as a mundane passage but as the lifeblood of the capital, akin to a vital vein coursing through the heart of the city. Just as veins sustain an organism by distributing essential nutrients, East Capitol Street was envisioned to sustain the young nation by facilitating the flow of commerce, governance, and cultural exchange. See Reference M.

Scott Circle in the full bow-tie shape within the rectangle accompanied a 1900 Report of the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army

Grid Variation

The triangular parks, strategically placed at key intersections and along major thoroughfares, not only provided aesthetic value but also served functional purposes within the city's circulation system. They helped to break up the monotony of the grid pattern, adding visual interest and creating opportunities for urban design interventions. Additionally, some of these parks were designated for the placement of important monuments and memorials, contributing to the city's symbolic landscape.

Similarly, bow tie parks, named for their resemblance to a bow tie in shape, were another characteristic feature of L'Enfant's plan. These parks typically occupied irregularly shaped parcels of land at the confluence of major avenues or where diagonal avenues intersected with the city's grid. Like their triangular counterparts, bow tie parks served as focal points within the urban fabric, offering spaces for recreation, contemplation, and civic engagement.

Depiction of the L'Enfant Plan in Freedom Plaza (2006)

L'Enfant Plan in Freedom Plaza

In 1980, the Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation constructed Western Plaza along Pennsylvania Avenue in Northwest Washington, D.C. Designed by architect Robert Venturi and renamed in 1988 to Freedom Plaza, the plaza contains an inlay that partially depicts the L'Enfant Plan.^[60] The last line in an oval inscribed in the Plaza contains the words "By Peter Charles L'Enfant" written in a serif typeface.^[61]

List of contributing parks

• Reservation 1 President's Park
• Reservation 2–6 National Mall; U.S. Capitol Grounds
• Reservation 7 Judiciary Square
• Reservation 8 Mount Vernon Square
• Reservation 9 Franklin Square
• Reservation 10 Lafayette Square
• Reservation 11 McPherson Square
• Reservation 12 Farragut Square
• Reservation 13 Rawlins Park
• Reservation 14 Lincoln Park
• Reservation 15 Stanton Square
• Reservation 16 Folger Park
• Reservation 17 Garfield Park
• Reservation 18 Marion Park
• Reservation 25–27 Washington Circle
• Reservation 32–33 Freedom Plaza
• Reservation 35–36 Market Square
• Reservation 38–43 Seward Square
• Reservation 44–49 Eastern Market Metro
• Reservation 59–61 Dupont Circle
• Reservation 62–64 Scott Circle
• Reservation 65–67 Thomas Circle
• Reservation 68–69 Gompers Park
• Reservation 152–154; 163–164 Logan Circle
• Reservation 332 West Potomac Park
• Reservation 333 East Potomac Park
• Reservation 334 Columbus Plaza
• Reservation 617 Pershing Park^[2]

List of contributing avenues

• Connecticut Avenue
• Delaware Avenue
• Indiana Avenue
• Kentucky Avenue
• Louisiana Avenue
• Maryland Avenue
• Massachusetts Avenue
• New Hampshire Avenue
• New Jersey Avenue
• New York Avenue
• North Carolina Avenue
• Pennsylvania Avenue
• Georgia Avenue (renamed Potomac Avenue in 1908 and name reused on Brightwood Avenue) ^[62]
• Rhode Island Avenue
• South Carolina Avenue
• Tennessee Avenue
• Vermont Avenue
• Virginia Avenue

List of contributing streets

• 16th Street
• Constitution Avenue
• East Capitol Street
• Independence Avenue
• H Street
• K Street
• North Capitol Street
• South Capitol Street^[2]

See also

• Architecture of Washington, D.C.
• Streets and highways of Washington, D.C.

Notes

1. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
2. Leach, Sara Amy; Barthold, Elizabeth, HABS/HAER, NPS (July 20, 1994). "L' Enfant Plan of the City of Washington, District of Columbia" (PDF). United States Department of the Interior: National Park Service: National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. National Park Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 5, 2017. Retrieved November 5, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
3. "The L'Enfant Plan". A Monument To Democracy: History of the Mall: The 1791 L'Enfant Plan and the Mall. National Coalition to Save Our Mall. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
4. L'Enfant identified himself as "Peter Charles L'Enfant" during most of his life, while residing in the United States. (See: Bowling, 2002) He wrote this name on his "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States ...." (Washington, D.C.) and on other legal documents. However, during the early 1900s, a French ambassador to the U.S., Jean Jules Jusserand, popularized the use of L'Enfant's birth name, "Pierre Charles L'Enfant". (See: Bowling (2002).) The National Park Service has identified L'Enfant as "Major Peter Charles L'Enfant" and as "Major Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant" in its histories of the Washington Monument on its website. The United States Code states in 40 U.S.C. § 3309: "(a) In General.—The purposes of this chapter shall be carried out in the District of Columbia as nearly as may be practicable in harmony with the plan of Peter Charles L'Enfant."
5. "The L'Enfant and McMillan Plans". Washington, D.C., A National Register of Historic Places Travel Inventory. National Park Service. Archived from the original on October 28, 2010. Retrieved January 8, 2011.
6. Reps, John William (1965). "Chapter 9. Planning the National Capital". The Making of Urban America. Princeton University Press. pp. 240–242. ISBN 0-691-00618-0 – via Google Books.
7. "An ACT for establishing the Temporary and Permanent Seat of the Government of the United States". American Memory. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
8. Ellis, Joseph J. (2002). "The Dinner". Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation. Vintage. pp. 50–52. ISBN 0-375-70524-4 – via Google Books.
9. Seale, William (1986). The President's House, Volume 1. White House Historical Association. pp. 1–4. ISBN 0912308281. OCLC 568583159 – via Google Books.
10. Stewart, p. 50.
11. Seale, William (1986). The President's House, Volume 1. White House Historical Association. p. 9. ISBN 0912308281. OCLC 568583159 – via Google Books.
12. Berg, Scott. "Grand Avenues." Pantheon Books, 2007. Page 87
13. L'Enfant, P.C. (June 22, 1791). "To George Washington from Pierre-Charles L'Enfant, 22 June 1791". Founders Online. National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original on December 31, 2017. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
14. Stewart, p. 52.
15. Passanneau, Joseph R. (2004). Washington Through Two Centuries: A History in Maps and Images. New York: The Monacelli Press, Inc. pp. 14–16, 24–27. ISBN 1-58093-091-3. OCLC 928366946.
16. L'Enfant, P.C. (August 19, 1791). "To The President of the United States". L'Enfant's Reports to President Washington Bearing Dates of March 26, June 22, and August 19, 1791: Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 2. Washington, D.C.: Columbia Historical Society (1899): 38–48. Retrieved December 28, 2011 – via Google Books.
17. "Original Plan of Washington, D.C." American Treasures of the Library of Congress: Imagination: Pierre Charles L'Enfant's 1791 "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government ....": Manuscript map on paper, 1791, Geography & Map Division. Library of Congress. July 29, 2010. Archived from the original on February 5, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2017. Selected by Washington to prepare a ground plan for the new city, L'Enfant arrived in Georgetown on March 9, 1791, and submitted his report and plan to the president about August 26, 1791. It is believed that this plan is the one that is preserved in the Library of Congress.
    After showing L'Enfant's manuscript to Congress, the president retained custody of the original drawing until December 1796, when he transferred it to the City Commissioners of Washington, D.C. One hundred and twenty-two years later, on November 11, 1918, the map was presented to the Library of Congress for safekeeping.
    Note: The plan that this web page describes identifies the plan's author as "Peter Charles L'Enfant". The web page nevertheless identifies the author as "Pierre-Charles L'Enfant."
18. Morgan, p. 120
19. L'Enfant, Peter Charles; United States Coast and Geodetic Survey; United States Commissioner of Public Buildings (1887). "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States: projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States, in pursuance of an act of Congress passed the sixteenth day of July, MDCCXC, "establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac": [Washington, D.C.]". Washington: United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. LCCN 88694201. Retrieved March 5, 2017. Facsimile of the 1791 L'Enfant plan. In: Repository of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C.
20. Partridge, p. 33.
21. L'Enfant, Peter Charles; Library of Congress (1991). "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t[he] United States: projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States, in pursuance of an act of Congress, passed on the sixteenth day of July, MDCCXC, "establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac"". Facsimile: Computer-assisted reproduction of Pierre Charles L'Enfant's 1791 manuscript plan for the city of Washington, produced by the U.S. Geological Survey for the Library of Congress. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. LCCN 97683585. Archived from the original on March 1, 2005. Retrieved March 5, 2017. Published by the Library of Congress in 1991 with support from the National Geographic Society, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the National Park Service. In Repository of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C.
22. Faethz, E.F.M.; Pratt, F.W. (1874). "Sketch of Washington in embryo, viz: Previous to its survey by Major L'Enfant: Compiled from the rare historical researches of Dr. Joseph M. Toner … combined with the skill of S.R. Seibert C.E." Library of Congress. LCCN 87694246. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
23. Jones, Jonathan (January 12, 2021). "Want to understand the Capitol rioters? Look at the inflamed hate-drunk mobs painted by Goya". the Guardian. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021. The Capitol building was started in 1793 as part of Pierre Charles L'Enfant's grand plan for a spacious, calm, yet sublime monumental Washington whose classical geometries express an unshakable belief in rational republican optimism.
24. Moore, Charles, ed. (1902). "Fig. No. 61 – L'Enfant Map of Washington (1791)". The Improvement Of The Park System Of The District of Columbia: Report by the United States Congress: Senate Committee on the District of Columbia and District of Columbia Park Commission. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. 12. Fifty-Seventh Congress, First Session, Senate Report No. 166. – via Google Books.
25. (1) "High resolution image of central portion of "The L'Enfant Plan for Washington", with transcribed excerpts of key to map, in Library of Congress". Washington, D.C.: National Park Service. Archived from the original on February 24, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
    (2) "High resolution image of central portion of "The L'Enfant Plan for Washington", with transcribed excerpts of key to map, in Library of Congress" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: National Park Service. Archived from the original (enlarged image) on January 11, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
26. Freedom Plaza in downtown D.C. contains an inlay of the central portion of L'Enfant's plan, an inlay of an oval that gives the title of the plan and the name of its author (identified as "Peter Charles L'Enfant") and inlays of the plan's legends. The coordinates of the inlay of the plan and its legends are: 38.8958437°N 77.0306772°W / 38.8958437; -77.0306772 (Freedom Plaza). The coordinates of the name "Peter Charles L'Enfant" are: 38.895840°N 77.031254°W / 38.895840; -77.031254 (Inscription of name of "Peter Charles L'Enfant" in inlay of L'Enfant's plan in Freedom Plaza)
27. L'Enfant, P.C. (June 22, 1791). "To The President of the United States". L'Enfant's Reports to President Washington Bearing Dates of March 26, June 22, and August 19, 1791: Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 2. Washington, D.C.: Columbia Historical Society (1899): 34–35. Retrieved December 28, 2011 – via Google Books.
28. Robinson and Associates, p. 12.
29. Vlach, John Michael (Spring 2004). "The Mysterious Mr. Jenkins of Jenkins Hill". United States Capitol Historical Society. Archived from the original on October 23, 2008. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
30. Federal Writers' Project (1937). "The Capitol: History and Construction of the Capitol". Washington, City and Capital: Federal Writers' Project: Works Progress Administration. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. 210 – via Google Books.
31. Partridge, p. 30.
32. (1) Bingham, Theo. A (1898). "Appendix CCC: Improvement and Care of Public Buildings and Grounds in the District of Columbia — Washington Monument". Annual Reports of the War Department for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1898. II (Part 6). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office: 3670–3671. Retrieved February 29, 2012 – via Google Books.
    (2) Coordinates of Jefferson Pier: 38°53′23.29463″N 77°2′11.56″W
33. (1) Pfanz, Donald C. (February 11, 1981). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: National Mall". National Park Service. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
    (2) Hanlon, Mary. "The Mall: The Grand Avenue, The Government, and The People". University of Virginia. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
    (3) "The 1791 L'Enfant Plan and the Mall". National Mall Coalition. 2015. Archived from the original on October 1, 2015. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
    (4) Glazer, Nathan; Field, Cynthia R., eds. (2008). A Chronology of the Mall in The National Mall: Rethinking Washington's Monumental Core. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-8018-8805-2. OCLC 166273738. Retrieved January 2, 2015 – via Google Books.
34. Pohl, Robert (November 9, 2009). "Lost Capitol Hill: The Zero Milestone". The Hill is Home. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
35. "1792 engraving of Plan of the City of Washington in the Territory of Columbia by Samuel Hill, Boston". Library of Congress. LCCN 88694166. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
36. "1792 engraving of Plan of the City of Washington in the Territory of Columbia by Thackera & Vallance, Philadelphia". Library of Congress. LCCN 88694160. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
37. (1) Tindall, William (1914). "IV. The First Board of Commissioners". Standard History of the City of Washington From a Study of the Original Sources. Knoxville, Tennessee: H. W. Crew and Company. pp. 148–149 – via Google Books.
    (2) Stewart, John (1899). "Early Maps and Surveyors of the City of Washington, D.C". Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 2: 55–56. Retrieved December 27, 2011 – via Google Books.
38. Ellicott, Andrew (February 23, 1792). "To Thomas Johnson, Daniel Carroll and David Stuart, Esqs." In Arnebeck, Bob. "Ellicott's letter to the commissioners on engraving the plan of the city, in which no reference is made to Banneker". The General and the Plan. Bob Arnebeck's Web Pages. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
39. "Letter from P.C. L'Enfant to Tobias Lear, Philadelphia, February 17, 1792". Records of the Columbia Historical Society. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: Columbia Historical Society. 1889. pp. 142–147. ISSN 0897-9049. JSTOR 40066722. OCLC 475664074. Retrieved April 14, 2021 – via Google Books.
40. (1) Docktor, John W. (March 22, 1997). "Plan of the City of Washington". Washington, D.C.: Washington Map Society. Archived from the original on June 23, 2012 – via EarthLink.
    (2) Partridge, William T. (1930). National Capital Park and Planning Commission: Chart 6: L'Enfant and Ellicott plans superimposed. L'Enfant's Methods And Features of His Plan For The Federal City: Reports and plans, Washington region: supplementary technical data to accompany annual report: National Capital Park and Planning Commission. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 34. OCLC 15250016. Retrieved December 4, 2016. At HathiTrust Digital Library.
    (3) The U.S. National Archives holds a copy of "Ellicott's engraved Plan superimposed on the Plan of L'Enfant showing the changes made in the engraved Plan under the direction of President Washington". See "Scope & Contents" page of "Archival Description" for National Archives holding of "Miscellaneous Oversize Prints, Drawings and Posters of Projects Associated with the Commission of Fine Arts, compiled 1893–1950", ARC Identifier 518229/Local Identifier 66-M; Series from Record Group 66: Records of the Commission of Fine Arts, 1893 – 1981. Record of holding obtained through search in Archival Descriptions Search of ARC — Archival Research Catalog Archived 2017-05-01 at the Wayback Machine using search term L'Enfant Plan Ellicott, 2008-08-22.
41. (1) Partridge, William T. (1930). L'Enfant's Methods And Features of His Plan For The Federal City. Reports and plans, Washington region: supplementary technical data to accompany annual report: National Capital Park and Planning Commission. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. pp. 21–38. OCLC 15250016. Retrieved December 4, 2016. At Hathi Trust Digital Library
    (2) Bowling, Kenneth R. (1988). Creating the federal city, 1774–1800: Potomac fever. Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Architects Press. ISBN 9781558350113 – via Google Books.
    (3) Bryan, W.B. (1899). "Something About L'Enfant And His Personal Affairs". Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 2: 113 – via Google Books.
    (4) "The L'Enfant and McMillan Plans". Washington, D.C., A National Register of Historic Places Travel Inventory. United States Department of the Interior: National Park Service. Archived from the original on October 28, 2010. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
42. (1) Stewart, p. 27.
    (2) Cowdrey, Albert E. "A city for the nation: The Army engineers and the building of Washington, D.C., 1790-1967". Vicksburg, Mississippi: U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC). Retrieved April 12, 2021. When in 1867 lawmakers decided to remove the care of public buildings from a civilian commissioner and set up the office of public buildings and grounds under the Corps of Engineers, ....
43. Stewart, p. 54.
44. Stewart, pp. 52–53.
45. Stewart, p. 62.
46. L'Enfant, Peter Charles (1791). "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States : projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States, in pursuance of an act of Congress passed the sixteenth day of July, MDCCXC, "establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac": (Washington, D.C.)". Facsimile of the L'Enfant plan showing part of the street system of the original created/published: Washington: Office of the Commissioner of Public Buildings, [1882]. Library of Congress. LCCN 88694202. Retrieved January 26, 2016. I certify that this is a true copy of the original in this office, John Stewart, civil engineer in charge of records, 10th Oct'r 1882. In Repository of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C.
47. Robinson & Associates, p. 11.
48. L'Enfant, Peter Charles (1791). "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States : projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States, in pursuance of an act of Congress passed the sixteenth day of July, MDCCXC, "establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac": (Washington, D.C.)". Photocopy of a facsimile of the 1791 L'Enfant Plan created by U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, D.C. (1887: Original facsimile annotated in ink by Lawrence Martin, chief, Division of Maps, Library of Congress, December 16, 1930). Library of Congress. LCCN 88694380. Retrieved January 26, 2016. In Repository of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C.
49. (1) L'Enfant, Peter Charles; United States Coast and Geodetic Survey; United States Commissioner of Public Buildings (1887). "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States: projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States, in pursuance of an act of Congress passed the sixteenth day of July, MDCCXC, "establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac": [Washington, D.C.]". Washington, D.C.: United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (New York: Julius Bien & Co. Photo. Lith.). LCCN 88694196. Retrieved March 5, 2017. Facsimile of the 1791 L'Enfant plan. In Repository of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C.
    (2) L'Enfant, Peter Charles; United States Coast and Geodetic Survey; United States Commissioner of Public Buildings (1887). "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States : projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States, in pursuance of an act of Congress passed the sixteenth day of July, MDCCXC, "establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac": [Washington, D.C.]". Washington, D.C.: United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (Washington : Norris Peters Co. Photo-Litho.). LCCN 88694195. Retrieved March 5, 2017. Facsimile of the 1791 L'Enfant plan. In: Repository of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C.
    (3) L'Enfant, Peter Charles; United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (1887). "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t[he] United States : projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States, in pursuance of an act of Congress passed the sixteenth day of July, MDCCXC, "establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac" : [Washington D.C.]". Washington, D.C.: United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, (Washington: Bell Litho. Co.). LCCN 88694194. Retrieved March 5, 2017.Facsimile of the 1791 L'Enfant plan. In: Repository of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C.
50. Gilmore, Mathew B. (September 20, 2016). "Kidwell's gambit: One man's gamble and the creation of Potomac Park". TheInTowner. Washington, D.C.: InTowner Publishing Corp. Archived from the original on December 19, 2018. Retrieved December 19, 2018. In 1899 the Supreme Court decided Morris v. United States and awarded the land to the United States. ..... ; the legacy of the struggle is Potomac Park as well as a wealth of maps and historical research on the origins of the District.
51. "New City of Washington". Gazette of the United States. Philadelphia. January 4, 1792. The following description is annexed to the Plan of the City of Washington, in the District of Columbia, as sent to Congress by the President some days ago. ...
52. 
    Note: The plan that this web page describes identifies the plan's author as "Peter Charles L'Enfant". The web page nevertheless identifies the author as "Pierre-Charles L'Enfant."
53. Partridge
54. Partridge, p. 24 Archived 2017-04-08 at the Wayback Machine
55. Partridge, p. 22 Archived 2017-04-08 at the Wayback Machine
56. L'Enfant, Peter Charles; Library of Congress (1991). "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t[he] United States: projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States, in pursuance of an act of Congress, passed on the sixteenth day of July, MDCCXC, "establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac"". Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. LCCN 91684074. Retrieved March 5, 2017. Full-color facsimile of Peter Charles L'Enfant's 1791 manuscript plan for the City of Washington. In Repository of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C.
57. Partridge, p. 25 Archived 2017-04-08 at the Wayback Machine
58. "A Washington DC Map Chronology". dcsymbols.com. Archived from the original on February 5, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
59. L'Enfant, Peter Charles (1791). "L'Enfant's Dotted line map of Washington, D.C., 1791, before Aug. 19th". Library of Congress. LCCN 88694203. Retrieved March 5, 2017. Accompanied by positive and negative photocopies of L'Enfant's letter to George Washington, Aug. 19, 1791, the original in the L'Enfant papers, no. 0215-977, L.C. Ms. Div. In: Repository of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington, D.C.
60. (1) Cooper, Rachel (2017). "Freedom Plaza in Washington, DC". About.com: About Travel: Washington, DC: Sports & Recreation: Parks and Recreation: DC Parks. About, Inc. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
    (2) Miller, Richard E. (April 13, 2009). "Western Plaza, Pennsylvania Avenue (Freedom Plaza) Marker". Historical Marker Database. Archived from the original on October 19, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
    (3) Miller, Richard E. (April 14, 2009). "Freedom Plaza: Civil War to Civil Rights: Downtown Heritage Trail marker". Historical Marker Database. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
    (4) Busch, Richard T.; Smith, Kathryn Schneider. "W.7: Freedom Plaza: 13th and E Sts NW". Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail. Washington, DC: Cultural Tourism DC. Archived from the original on March 21, 2016. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
61. Coordinates of inscription of L'Enfant's name in Freedom Plaza: 38°53′45″N 77°01′53″W
62. Pohl, Robert (January 11, 2010). "LOST CAPITOL HILL: GEORGIA AVE SE". thehillishome.com. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2021.

References

• Bowling, Kenneth R (2002). Peter Charles L'Enfant: vision, honor, and male friendship in the early American Republic. Washington, D.C.: George Washington University. ISBN 0972761101. LCCN 2003385101. OCLC 606900534. Retrieved June 24, 2017 – via Google Books.
• Morgan, James Dudley (1899). "Maj. Pierre Charles L'Enfant, The Unhonored and Unrewarded Engineer". Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 2. Washington, D.C.: Columbia Historical Society: 118–157. Retrieved August 15, 2011 – via Google Books.
• Partridge, William T. (1930). L'Enfant's Methods And Features of His Plan For The Federal City. Reports and plans, Washington region: supplementary technical data to accompany annual report: National Capital Planning Commission. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. pp. 21–38. OCLC 15250016. Retrieved December 4, 2016 – via HathiTrust Digital Library.
• Robinson & Associates (July 2007). Historic Preservation Report For the National Museum Of African American History and Culture: District of Columbia: Final Report. Prepared For: Smithsonian Institution: Office of Planning and Project Management, Washington, D.C. (PDF). Smithsonian Institution: National Museum of African American History and Culture. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2018. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
• Stewart, John (1899). "Early Maps and Surveyors of the City of Washington, D.C". Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 2. Retrieved December 27, 2011 – via Google Books.

Further reading

• Arnebeck, Bob (January 2, 2017). "Washington Examined: Seat of Empire: the General and the Plan 1790 to 1801" (Blog). Archived from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2019 – via Blogger.
• Bryan, Wilhelmus Bogart (1914). A History of the National Capital from its Foundation through the Period of the Adoption of the Organic Act. Vol. 1: 1790-1814. New York: The MacMillan Company. OCLC 902842081. Retrieved December 27, 2017 – via HathiTrust Digital Library.
• "Editorial Note: Fixing the Seat of Government". Founders Online. National Archives. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved April 14, 2021. (Original source: Boyd, Julian P., ed. (1982). The Papers of Thomas Jefferson: 1 April to 4 August 1791. Vol. 20. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 3–72.)
• Kite, Elizabeth S. (1929). L'Enfant and Washington, 1791-1792: Published And Unpublished Documents Now Brought Together For The First Time. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins Press. OCLC 575576744. Retrieved April 14, 2021 – via HathiTrust Digital Library.
• Levine, Michael. "Planning Our Capital City: L'Enfant designed more than D.C.: He designed a 200-year-old controversy". History DC Area. DCpages.com. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
• Savage, Kirk (2009). 1. A Monument to a Deceased Project. Monument Wars: Washington, D.C., the National Mall, and the Transformation of the Memorial Landscape. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780520256545. OCLC 566119105. Retrieved October 18, 2017 – via Google Books.
• Stephenson, Richard W. (1993). A plan whol[l]y new: Pierre Charles L'Enfant's plan of the City of Washington. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. ISBN 0844406996. LCCN 92028798. OCLC 954510004. Retrieved January 1, 2008 – via Google Books.

External links

• Media related to Old maps of Washington, D.C. at Wikimedia Commons