Loading AI tools
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a list of Isma'ili missionaries (da'is).
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (June 2019) |
This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's layout guidelines. (March 2019) |
The simplified description of the hierarchy (hudūd) of the organization of the Ismaili da'wah was as follows:[1][2][3]
See List of the Order of Assassins for examples of Nizari Ismaili Missionaries or du'āt and List of Dai of the Dawoodi Bohra or Da'i al-Mutlaq for examples of Tayyibi Isma'ilism Missionaries or du'āt.
Rank | Name | Active years | Sect | Area of influence | Base | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chief Da'i | Abu Abdallah al-Khadim | since 903-913 until 919 | Khurasan | Nishapur | [4] | |
Chief Da'i | Al-Qadi al-Nu'man | 909–974 | Fatimid doctrine | Ifriqiya | ||
Chief Da'i | Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani | ?–971 | Fatimid doctrine | Khurasan and Sijistan | ||
Chief Da'i | Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani | 996–1021 | Fatimid doctrine | |||
Chief Da'i | Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi | 10th-11th century | Fatimid doctrine | Nishapur; Cairo | ||
Chief Da'i | Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi | 1048–1078 | Fatimid doctrine | Fatimid Caliphate | House of Knowledge, Cairo | |
Chief Da'i | Abd al-Malik ibn Attash | Fatimid doctrine | Persia and Iraq (Seljuk territories) | Isfahan | ||
Da'i | Ahmad ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Attash | Fatimid doctrine | Isfahan | Shahdiz fortress, Isfahan | ||
Chief Da'i | Hassan-i Sabbah | 1090–1124 | Fatimid, later Nizari | Daylam, later Nizari Isma'ili state | Alamut Castle | |
Chief Da'i | Abu Hamza | Arrajan | [5] | |||
Chief Da'i | Kiya Buzurg-Ummid | 1124–1138 | Nizari | Nizari Isma'ili state | Alamut Castle | |
Chief Da'i | Muhammad Buzurg Ummid | 1138–1162 | Nizari | Nizari Isma'ili state | Lambasar Castle, Alamut Castle | |
Chief Da'i | Al-Hakim al-Munajjim | died in 1103 | Nizari | Syria | Aleppo | |
Chief Da'i | Abu Tahir al-Sa'igh | Nizari | Syria | Aleppo and Afamiyya | [6] | |
Chief Da'i | Bahram al-Da'i | Nizari | Syria | Damascus (civilian base) and Baniyas fortress (military base) | [7] | |
Chief Da'i | Isma'il al-Ajami | Nizari | Syria | |||
Da'i | Abu'l Fath of Sarmin | Nizari | part of Syria | |||
Chief Da'i | Abu Muhammad | Nizari | Syria | Al-Kahf Castle | ||
Da'i | Rashid ad-Din Sinan | ~1160–1163 | Nizari | Basra District | ||
Chief Da'i | Rashid ad-Din Sinan | from 1163-1164 to 1192-1193[8] | Nizari | Syria | Al-Kahf Castle | |
Chief Da'i | Abu Mansur ibn Muhammad or Nasr al-'Ajami | since 1192 or 1193 | Nizari | Syria | [8] | |
Chief Da'i | Kamal al-Din al-Hasan ibn Masud | 1222-1223 | Nizari | Syria | [8][9] | |
Chief Da'i | Majd al-Din | 1226–1227 | Nizari | Syria | [8][9] | |
Chief Da'i | Siraj al-Din Muzaffar ibn al-Husayn | 1227, 1238 | Nizari | Syria | [8][9] | |
Chief Da'i | Taj al-Din Abu al-Futuh ibn Muhammad | 1239–1240, 1249 | Nizari | Syria | [8][9] | |
Chief Da'i | Radi al-Din Abu al-Ma'ali | 1258–1261 | Nizari | Syria | [8][9] | |
Chief Da'i | Khwaja Qasim | Nizari | Quhistan | [6] | ||
Da'i | Abu Ishaq Quhistani | Qasim-Shahi Nizari | Quhistan | [6] | ||
Da'i | Abu Firas | until 1530 or 1540 | Nizari | Syria | Maynaqa Fortress | [6] |
Chief Da'i | Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i | Fatimid Caliphate | Yemen and North Africa | |||
Chief Da'i | Hamdan Qarmat | Lower Iraq | Salamiyah | |||
Chief Da'i | Abdallah ibn Maymūn Al-Qaddāḥ | |||||
Chief Da'i | Maymūn Al-Qaddāḥ | |||||
Da'i | Zakarawayh ibn Mihrawayh | Among the Banu Tamim | Saylahin | |||
Da'i | Abu Muhammad Abdan | |||||
Chief Da'i | Jawdhar | Fatimid Caliphate | North Africa | |||
Chief Da'i | Amir al-Zawahi | Fatimid Caliphate | Yemen | |||
Chief Da'i | Ali al-Sulayhi | Fatimid Caliphate | Yemen | |||
Da'i | Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani | Fatimid Caliphate | ||||
Chief Da'i | Musa ibn Dawud | Fatimid Caliphate | Fars | |||
Da'i | Al-Mukarram Ahmad | Fatimid Caliphate | Yemen | |||
Da'i | Da'i Anjudani | Nizari | Iran | |||
Chief Da'i | Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi | Fatimid Caliphate | Ray and Central Persia | Ray | ||
Chief Da'i | Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani | Fatimid Caliphate | Iraq and Iran | |||
Da'i (Hujjat-i Khurasan) | Nasir Khusraw | 1052–1088 | Fatimid doctrine | Khurasan | Yamgan District (1060–1088) | |
Da'i | Al-Mukarram Ahmad | Fatimid Caliphate | Yemen | Jibla, Yemen | ||
Chief Da'i | Dhu'ayb ibn Musa | Sulayhid dynasty | Yemen | Hooth | ||
Da'i | Abd al-Malik al-Kawkabi | Jibal | Gerdkuh | [5] | ||
Da'i | Lamak ibn Malik | Sulayhid dynasty | Yemen | |||
Da'i | Yahya ibn Lamak | Sulayhid dynasty | Yemen | |||
Da'i | Abdullah (Ismaili Mustaali Missionary) | Fatimid Caliphate | Gujarat | Khambhat | ||
Da'i | Syedi Hasan Feer | Taiyabi | Gujarat | Denmaal | ||
Da'i | Syedi Fakhruddin | Fatimid Caliphate | Rajasthan | Galiakot | ||
Da'i | Syedi Nuruddin | Fatimid Caliphate | Maharashtra | Don Gaon | ||
Da'i | Abdul Qadir Hakimuddin | Taiyabi | Madhya Pradesh | Burhanpur | ||
Pir | Prannath / Imam Mahdi | Nizari (Ismaili Missionary) | Madhya Pradesh | Panna | ||
Da'i | Syedi Bava Mulla Khan | Taiyabi | Madhya Pradesh | Rampura | ||
Pir | Pir Sadardin | Nizari | Sindh | |||
Da'i | Sulayman bin Hassan | Taiyabi | India | Ahmedabad | ||
Da'i | Abdul Hussain Jivaji | Taiyabi | India | Nagpur | ||
Da'i | Muhammad Amiruddin | Taiyabi | India | Nagpur | ||
Da'i | Taher Fakhruddin | Taiyabi | India | Thane | ||
Da'i | Al-Fakhri Abdullah | Taiyabi | Hijaz | Najran | ||
Da'i | Haatim Zakiyuddin | Taiyabi | Gujarat | Vadodara | ||
Da'i | Ahmad bin Abdullah bin Maymun | Fatimid Caliphate | Iran and Iraq | Salamiyah | ||
Da'i | Abu'l-Qasim al-Hasan ibn Faraj ibn Ḥawshab Mansur al-Yaman | Fatimid Caliphate | Yemen | |||
Da'i | Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani | 883–915 | Fatimid doctrine (until 911) / Qarmatian doctrine (from 911) | Yemen | ||
Da'i | Khalaf al-Hallaj | Fatimid Caliphate | Iran | |||
Da'i | Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Ahmad an-Nasafi | Fatimid Caliphate | Iran | Ray | ||
Da'i | Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman | Fatimid Caliphate | Egypt | Cairo | ||
Da'i | Qadi Abul Hussain Ali bin Noman | Fatimid Caliphate | Egypt | Cairo | ||
Pir | Shamsuddin Sabzwari | Nizari | Pakistan | Multan | ||
Da'i | Taj Mughal | Nizari | Pakistan | Gilgit and Hunza | ||
Pir | Pir Hasan Kabiruddin | Nizari | Pakistan | Uchh | ||
Pir | Pir Tajuddin | Nizari | Pakistan | Lahore | ||
Da'i | Sayed Imam Shah | Nizari | Pakistan | Uchh, see Satpanth for further information | ||
Da'i | Sayed Rehmatullah Shah | Nizari | Gujrat and Kutchh | |||
Da'i | Sayed Nurbaksh | Nizari | Jammu and Kashmir | |||
Da'i | Mir Shamsuddin II | Nizari | Jammu and Kashmir | |||
Da'i | Badiuddin Khwaja Kassim | Nizari | Iran | Anjudan | ||
Da'i | Syedi Lukman ji | Taiyabi | India | Udaipur | ||
Da'i | Khanji Pheer | Taiyabi | India | Udaipur | ||
Da'i | Zurayids | Hafizi | Yemen | Aden | ||
Da'i | Ibn Selim el-Aswani | Fatimid Caliphate | Sudan | |||
Da'i | Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai | Nizari | Pakistan | Hunza Valley | ||
Da'i | Nizari Quhistani | Nizari | Iran | Birjand | ||
Da'i | Ismail Gangji | Nizari | India | |||
Da'i | Malik Tayfur Anjudani | Nizari | Iran | |||
Da'i | Sayed Alam Shah | Nizari | India | Gujarat | ||
Da'i | Sayed Ali Shah | Nizari | India | Gujarat | ||
Da'i | Sayed Bakir Shah | Nizari | India | Gujarat | ||
Da'i | Sayed Nur Muhammad Shah | Nizari | India | Gujarat | ||
Da'i | Muhammad bin Sa'd bin Daud surnamed ar- Rafnah | Nizari | Syria | |||
Da'i | Nuruddin Ahmad | Nizari | Syria | |||
Da'i | Abul Ma'ali Hatim bin Imran, eminently known as Ibn Zahra | Nizari | Syria | |||
Da'i | Sayed Malang Shah | Nizari | Central Asia | Shagnan | ||
Da'i | Sayed Khamush Shah Shirazi | Nizari | Central Asia | Shagnan | ||
Da'i | Asma bint Shihab | Taiyabi | Yemen | Jibla, Yemen | ||
Da'i | Arwa al-Sulayhi | Taiyabi | Yemen | Jibla, Yemen | ||
Da'i | Amira Darrab | Fatimid Caliphate | Iran | Ray | ||
Da'i | Hussain Qaini | Nizari | Iran | Qaen | ||
Da'i | Abul Khattab Muhammad bin Abi Zaynab Maqlas al-Asadi al-Kufi | Ismaili | Iraq | Kufa | ||
Da'i | Hasan bin Muhammad bin Kiya Buzurg | Nizari | Iran | Alamut | ||
Da'i | Abu Jabala Ibrahim bin Ghassan | Fatimid Caliphate | Egypt | Cairo | ||
Da'i | Jabir al-Manufi | Fatimid Caliphate | Lebanon | Tyre | ||
Da'i | Abul Fawaris al-Hasan bin Muhammad al-Mimadhi | Fatimid Caliphate | Israel | Acre | ||
Da'i | Abul Hussain Ahmad bin Muhammad bin al-Kumayt | Fatimid Caliphate | Israel | Askelon | ||
Da'i | Abu Muhammad al-Tabari | Fatimid Caliphate | Iran | Tabaristan | ||
Da'i | Abul Hasan al-Halabi | Fatimid Caliphate | Syria | Aleppo | ||
Da'i | Abu Tamim Abul Kassim al-Bukhari | Fatimid Caliphate | Uzbekistan | Bukhara | ||
Da'i | Abul Wafa al-Daylami | Fatimid Caliphate | Iran | Daylam | ||
Da'i | Ibn Abi'l Dibs | Fatimid Caliphate | Syria | Damascus | ||
Da'i | Khuzayma bin Abi Khuzayma | Fatimid Caliphate | Iraq | Baghdad | ||
Da'i | Abu Abdullah bin al-Naman | Fatimid Caliphate | Iraq | Baghdad | ||
Da'i | Abu Abdullah al-Khadim | Fatimid Caliphate | Iran | Nishapur | ||
Da'i | Abul Abbas | Fatimid Caliphate | Tunisia | Mahdia | ||
Da'i | Abdullah bin Abbas al-Shawiri | Fatimid Caliphate | Yemen | Ahwaz | ||
Da'i | Al-Farazdaq | Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin | Kuwait | Kazma | ||
Chief Da'i | Badr al-Jamali | Fatimid Caliphate | Egypt | Cairo | ||
Da'i | Zayn bin Abi Faraj | Nizari | Syria | |||
Da'i | Ibrahim bin Abi'l Fawaris | Nizari | Syria | |||
Da'i | Ismail | Nizari | Syria | |||
Da'i | Nasir ad-Dawla Iftagin at-Turki | Nizari | Egypt | Alexandria | ||
Da'i | Jalal ad-Dawla bin Ammar | Nizari | Egypt | Alexandria | ||
Pir | Pir Satgur Noor/Sayyid Nooruddin Noor Muhammad | Nizari | India | Gujarat | ||
Da'i | Pir Sayed Muinuddin Hasan | Nizari | Iran | Sabzevar | ||
Da'i | Sayed Salauddin | Nizari | Iran | Sabzevar | ||
Da'i | Ad-Darazi | Druze | Egypt | Cairo | ||
Da'i | Hamza ibn-'Ali ibn-Ahmad | Druze | Egypt | Cairo | ||
Da'i | Al-Muqtana Baha'uddin | Druze | Syria | Beit Jann | ||
Da'i | Hasan al-Akhram al-Farghani | Druze | Egypt | Cairo | ||
Pir | Pir Nasiruddin | Nizari Satpanth | Punjab | Uchh | ||
Pir | Pir Sahib'adin | Nizari Satpanth | India | |||
Da'i | Sayed Ruknuddin | Nizari Satpanth | India | |||
Da'i | Sayed Badruddin | Nizari Satpanth | India | |||
Da'i | Sayed Shamsuddin II | Nizari Satpanth | India | |||
Da'i | Sayed Ghiasuddin | Nizari Satpanth | India | |||
Da'i | Khaki Khorasani | Nizari | Iran | Khorasan | ||
Da'i | Ali Quli Raqqami | Nizari | Iran | Khorasan | ||
Da'i | Khwajah Qasim Tushtari | Nizari | Iran | Alamut | ||
Da'i | Muhammad Abu al-Makarim | Nizari | Syria | |||
Da'i | Shihab al-Din Abu Firas | Nizari | Syria | |||
Da'i | Abul Haytham Gorgani | Fatimid Caliphate | Iran | Gorgan | ||
Da'i | Mohammed ibn Sork | Fatimid Caliphate | Iran | Nishapur | ||
Da'i | Sayyed Didarali | Nizari | India | |||
Da'i | Sayyed Mustakali | Nizari | India | |||
Da'i | Sayyed Nour Baksh | Nizari | India | |||
Da'i | Sayyed Auliya Ali | Nizari | India | |||
Da'i | Sayyed Amir Ahmed | Ismaili | Arabia | Medina | ||
Da'i | Sayyed Nooruddin | Ismaili | Arabia | Medina | ||
Da'i | Sayyed Nasser Mohammed | Nizari | Iran | |||
Da'i | Pir Qasim Shah | Nizari | Iran | |||
Da'i | Sayyed Noor Mehdi | Nizari | India | |||
Da'i | Sayyed Hyder Shah | Nizari | India | |||
Da'i | Ibrahim Jusab Varteji | Nizari | India | |||
Da'i | Assad bin Kassim Al-Ajami | Fatimid Caliphate | Syria | Aleppo | ||
Da'i | Ibrahim bin Ismail Al Ajami | Fatimid Caliphate | Syria | Aleppo | ||
Da'i | Pir Sayyed Alauddin | Nizari | Afghanistan | Badakshan | ||
Da'i | Ahmad Hadi | Fatimid Caliphate | Yemen | |||
Da'i | Sayyed Zahiruddin | Nizari | India | |||
Da'i | Rodaki | Fatimid Caliphate | Central Asia | |||
Da'i | Sayyed Shah Qalandar | Nizari | India | |||
Da'i | Pir Mahmud Shah | Nizari | Iran | Sabzevar | ||
Da'i | Pir Muhibuddin | Nizari | Iran | Sabzevar | ||
Da'i | Pir Muhammad Zaman | Nizari | Iran | |||
Da'i | Pir Baba Hashem Shah | Nizari | Iran | |||
Da'i | Pir Mirza Shah Qasimali | Nizari | Iran | |||
Da'i | Pir Abul Hassan Ali | Nizari | Iran | |||
Da'i | Pir Mehrab Beg | Nizari | Iran | |||
Da'i | Seyyed Ali Asghar Beg | Nizari | Iran | |||
Da'i | Seyyed Akbar Ali Beg | Nizari | Iran | |||
Da'i | Mirza Mohammed Baqir | Nizari | Iran | |||
Da'i | Mohammed bin Ali bin Hasan As-Souri | Nizari | Syria | |||
Da'i | Seyyed Lal Shah Baz Qalandar | Nizari | India | |||
Da'i | Pir Khaliquddin | Nizari | Iran | |||
Pir | Pir Ismailbhai Gangji | Nizari | India | |||
Da'i | Seyyed Islamuddin | Nizari | India | |||
Da'i | Seyyed Imamuddin Indra | Nizari | India | |||
Da'i | Hatem Bin Mahmoud bin Zahrah | Nizari | Syria | |||
Da'i | Seyyed Hasan Shah | Nizari | India | |||
Da'i | Pir Ghalibuddin | Fatimid Caliphate | North Africa | |||
Da'i | Seyyed Gheb Shah | Nizari | India | |||
Da'i | Firuz | Fatimid Caliphate | Yemen | |||
Da'i | Anushtakin Al-Duzbari | Fatimid Caliphate | Syria | |||
Da'i | Abdul Majid | Fatimid Caliphate | Yemen | |||
Da'i | Seyyed Adam Mehdi | Nizari | India | |||
Da'i | Aga Jehangir Shah | Nizari | India | |||
Da'i | Seyyed Bala Shah | Nizari | India | |||
Da'i | Pir Abdul Momin | Nizari | India | |||
Da'i | Pir Salamuddin | Nizari | India | |||
Da'i | Seyyed Khaliq Shah | Nizari | India | |||
Da'i | Seyyed Jalaluddin | Nizari | India | |||
Da'i | Seyyed Awal Shah | Nizari | India | |||
Da'i | Pir Aga Aziz | Nizari | Afghanistan | |||
Da'i | Khuzaima Qutbuddin | Taiyabi | India | |||
Da'i | Tayyebhai Razzak | Taiyabi | India | |||
Da'i | Ibn Hatim | Taiyabi | Yemen | |||
Da'i | Abu Abdullah Ja'far ibn al-Aswad ibn al-Haytham | Fatimid Caliphate | Tunisia | Kairouan | ||
Da'i | Ali ibn Muhammad al-Iyadi | Fatimid Caliphate | Tunisia | Kairouan | ||
Da'i | Fidai Khorasani | Nizari | Iran | |||
Da'i | Sayed Munir | Nizari | Afghanistan | Shagnan, Badakhshan | ||
Da'i | Abu Aly A. Aziz | Nizari | ||||
Da'i | Kassim Ali | Nizari | ||||
Da'i | Noormohomed Rahimtullah | Nizari | ||||
Da'i | Noordin Amlani | Nizari | ||||
Da'i | Alibhai Nanji | Nizari | ||||
Da'i | Jaffer Ali A. Bhalwani | Nizari | ||||
Da'i | Jaffer Ali Muhammad Somji Sufi | Nizari | ||||
Da'i | Juma Bhagat Ismail | Nizari | ||||
Da'i | Bandali Bhagat Ismail | Nizari | ||||
Da'i | Nurullah Bhagat Ismail | Nizari | ||||
Da'i | Karam Hussain | Nizari | ||||
Da'i | Kara Ruda | Nizari | ||||
Da'i | Kassim Ali Muhammad Jaffer | Nizari | ||||
Da'i | Kassim Ali R. Paroo | Nizari | ||||
Da'i | Khuda Baksh Talib | Nizari | ||||
Da'i | Muhammad Murad Ali Juma | Nizari | ||||
Da'i | Sultanali Nazarali Walji | Nizari | ||||
Da'i | Abul Kassim Muhammad Kuhpayai known as Amiri Shirazi or Kassim Amiri | Nizari | Iran | |||
Da'i | Sayed Dadu or Pir Dadu | Nizari | India | |||
Da'i | Sayed Abdul Nabi | Nizari | India | |||
Da'i | Pir Shihabuddin Shah | Nizari | India | |||
Da'i | Abu Al Fath | Nizari | Syria | |||
Da'i | Khalaf ibn Mula'ib | Musta'li | Syria | |||
Da'i | Abu'l Hasan Sinan bin Suleman bin Muhammad | Nizari | Iraq | |||
Da'i | Zahiri Faryabi | Nizari | Daylam | |||
Chief Da'i | Kamaluddin Kohistani | Nizari | Quhistan | |||
Da'i | Shamsuddin bin Daulatshah | Nizari | Syria | |||
Da'i | Shihabuddin bin Ibrahim al-Mainaqi | Nizari | Syria | |||
Da'i | Muhammad bin al-Jazirah | Nizari | Syria | |||
Da'i | Abu Mansur al-Yameni al-Shadili | Nizari | Syria | |||
Da'i | Muhammad Abul Makrim | Nizari | Syria | |||
Da'i | Muhammad bin al-Fazal bin Ali al-Baza'i | Nizari | Syria | |||
Da'i | Khayr Khwah Herati or Muhammad Reza bin Sultan Hussain Ghuriyan Herati | Nizari | Afghanistan | |||
Da'i | Sayed Suhrab Wali Badakhshani | Nizari | Afghanistan | |||
Da'i | Sayed Umar Yamghani | Nizari | Afghanistan | |||
Da'i | Zayn al-Abidin bin Hussain bin Khushnam Angawani | Nizari | Iran | |||
Da'i | Sayed Shah Zahur | Nizari | Yasin and Punial | |||
Da'i | Sayed Bakir Shah | Nizari | Yasin and Punial | |||
Da'i | Sayed Karim Hyder | Nizari | Yasin and Punial | |||
Da'i | Sayed Shah Ardbil | Nizari | Gilgit and Hunza | |||
Da'i | Sayed Hussain Ardbil | Nizari | Gilgit and Hunza | |||
Da'i | Sayed Yaqut Shah | Nizari | Gilgit and Hunza | |||
Da'i | Sayed Shah Abdur Rahim | Nizari | Gilgit and Hunza | |||
Da'i | Sayed Ghulam Ali Shah | Nizari | Gilgit and Hunza | |||
Da'i | Khwaja Shah Talib | Nizari | Gilgit and Hunza | |||
Da'i | Mirza Ismail | Nizari | Gilgit and Hunza | |||
Da'i | Khwaja Shahid | Nizari | Gilgit and Hunza | |||
Chief Da'i | Sheikh al-Hajj Khidr | Nizari | Syria | |||
Chief Da'i | Sheikh Muhammad al-Suwaydani | Nizari | Syria | |||
Chief Da'i | Mu'ayyad al-Din Muzaffar ibn Ahmad Mustawfi | Nizari | Iran | |||
Chief Da'i | Qadi Tajuddin Mardanshah | Nizari | Iran | |||
Da'i | Maulana Dakhli | Nizari | India | |||
Chief Da'i | Shawiri | 915-? | Fatimid doctrine | Yemen | ||
Chief Da'i | Abu Ibrahim Asadabadi | 12th Century | Nizari | Syria |
Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.
Every time you click a link to Wikipedia, Wiktionary or Wikiquote in your browser's search results, it will show the modern Wikiwand interface.
Wikiwand extension is a five stars, simple, with minimum permission required to keep your browsing private, safe and transparent.