List of presidents of the Philippines

Under the Constitution of the Philippines, the president of the Philippines (Filipino: Pangulo ng Pilipinas) is both the head of state and government, and serves as the commander-in-chief of the country's armed forces.^[3][4] The president is directly elected by qualified voters to a six-year term and must be "a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, a registered voter, able to read and write, at least forty years of age on the day of the election, and a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such election". No elected president can seek re-election. Upon resignation, or removal from the office, the vice president assumes the post. A president's successor who hasn't served for more than four years can still seek a full term for the presidency.^[5]

Malacañang Palace in Manila is the official residence of the president.^{[note 1]} Built in 1750, it has become a prominent symbol of and metonym for the office.

The incumbent president is Bongbong Marcos, who assumed office on June 30, 2022.

History

Emilio Aguinaldo became the inaugural president of the Philippines under the Malolos Republic, which was considered the First Philippine Republic.^{[6][note 2]} He held that office until 1901 when he was captured by United States forces during the Philippine–American War (1899–1902).^[3] The American colonization of the Philippines abolished the First Republic,^[11] which led to an American governor-general exercising executive power.^[18]

In 1935, the United States, pursuant to its promise of full Philippine sovereignty,^[19] established the Commonwealth of the Philippines following the ratification of the 1935 Constitution, which also restored the presidency. The first national presidential election was held,^{[note 3]} and Manuel L. Quezon (1935–1944) was elected to a six-year term with no provision for re-election^[4] as the second Philippine president and the first Commonwealth president.^{[note 2]} In 1940, however, the Constitution was amended to allow re-election but shortened the term to four years.^[3] However, a change in the government occurred three years later when the Second Philippine Republic was organized with the enactment of the 1943 Constitution, which Japan imposed after the occupied the Philippines in 1942 during World War II.^[22] José P. Laurel acted as puppet president of the new Japanese-sponsored government;^[23] his de facto presidency,^[24] not legally recognized until the 1960s,^[10] overlapped with that of the president of the Commonwealth, which went into exile. The Second Republic was dissolved after the Japan surrendered to the Allies in 1945; the Commonwealth was then restored in the Philippines in the same year with the election of Sergio Osmeña (1944–1946) as president.^[3]

Manuel Roxas (1946–1948) then followed Osmeña when he won the first post-war election in 1946. He became the first president of the independent Philippines when the Commonwealth ended on July 4 of that year. The Third Republic was ushered in and would cover the administrations of the next five presidents, the last of which was Ferdinand Marcos (1965–1986),^[3] who performed a self-coup by imposing martial law in 1972.^[25] The dictatorship of Marcos saw the birth of the New Society (Filipino: Bagong Lipunan) and the Fourth Republic. His tenure lasted until 1986 when he was deposed in the People Power Revolution. The current constitution came into effect in 1987, marking the beginning of the Fifth Republic.^[3]

Of the individuals elected as president, three died in office: two of natural causes (Manuel L. Quezon^[26] and Manuel Roxas^[27]) and one in a plane crash (Ramon Magsaysay, 1953–1957^[28]). The longest-serving president is Ferdinand Marcos with 20 years and 57 days in office; he is the only president to have served more than two terms. The shortest is Sergio Osmeña, who spent 1 year and 300 days in office.

Two women have held the office: Corazon Aquino (1986–1992), who ascended to the presidency upon the successful People Power Revolution of 1986, and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001–2010), who, as vice president, ascended to the presidency upon Estrada's resignation and was elected to a full six-year term in 2004.

Presidents

No.	Portrait	Name (Lifespan)	Term start	Term end	Term length	Party		Election	Vice president
1		Emilio Aguinaldo (1869–1964)	January 23, 1899	April 19, 1901[a]	2 years, 86 days		Nonpartisan	1899[b]	None[c]
Position abolished[d] (1901–1935)
2		Manuel L. Quezon[e] (1878–1944)	November 15, 1935	August 1, 1944[f]	8 years, 260 days		Nacionalista	1935	Sergio Osmeña
								1941[g]
3		Jose P. Laurel[e] (1891–1959)	October 14, 1943	August 17, 1945[h]	1 year, 307 days		KALIBAPI	1943[i]	None[j]
4		Sergio Osmeña[e] (1878–1961)	August 1, 1944	May 28, 1946	1 year, 300 days		Nacionalista	–[k]	None[l]
5		Manuel Roxas (1892–1948)	May 28, 1946	April 15, 1948[f]	1 year, 323 days		Liberal	1946	Elpidio Quirino
6		Elpidio Quirino (1892–1948)	April 17, 1948	December 30, 1953	5 years, 257 days		Liberal	–[k]	None[l] (until 1949)
								1949	Fernando Lopez (from 1949)
7		Ramon Magsaysay (1907–1957)	December 30, 1953	March 17, 1957[f]	3 years, 77 days		Nacionalista	1953	Carlos P. Garcia
8		Carlos P. Garcia (1896–1971)	March 18, 1957	December 30, 1961	4 years, 287 days		Nacionalista	–[k]	None[l] (until 1957)
								1957	Diosdado Macapagal (from 1957)
9		Diosdado Macapagal (1910–1997)	December 30, 1961	December 30, 1965	4 years, 0 days		Liberal	1961	Emmanuel Pelaez
10		Ferdinand Marcos (1917–1989)	December 30, 1965	February 25, 1986[m]	20 years, 57 days		Nacionalista (until 1978)	1965	Fernando Lopez (until 1973)
								1969
									None[n] (1973–1984)
								1973[o]
								1977[o]
							KBL (from 1978)
								1981
									Vacant[p] (from 1984)
11		Corazon Aquino (1933–2009)	February 25, 1986	June 30, 1992	6 years, 126 days		UNIDO (until 1987)	1986[q]	Salvador Laurel
							Independent (from 1987)
12		Fidel V. Ramos (1928–2022)	June 30, 1992	June 30, 1998	6 years, 0 days		Lakas	1992	Joseph Estrada
13		Joseph Estrada (born 1937)	June 30, 1998	January 20, 2001[r]	2 years, 204 days		LAMMP	1998	Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
14		Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (born 1947)	January 20, 2001	June 30, 2010	9 years, 161 days		Lakas	–[s]	Vacant[t] (until 2001)
									Teofisto Guingona Jr.[u] (2001–2004)
								2004	Noli de Castro (from 2004)
15		Benigno Aquino III (1960–2021)	June 30, 2010	June 30, 2016	6 years, 0 days		Liberal	2010	Jejomar Binay
16		Rodrigo Duterte (born 1945)	June 30, 2016	June 30, 2022	6 years, 0 days		PDP–Laban	2016	Leni Robredo
17		Bongbong Marcos (born 1957)	June 30, 2022	Incumbent	3 years, 48 days		PFP	2022	Sara Duterte

Timeline

See also: List of presidents of the Philippines by time in office

Unofficial presidents

Andrés Bonifacio is considered by some historians to be the first president of the Philippines. He was the third Supreme President (Spanish: Presidente Supremo; Tagalog: Kataastaasang Pangulo) of the Katipunan secret society. Its Supreme Council, led by the Supreme President, coordinated provincial and district councils. When the Katipunan went into open revolt in August 1896 (the Cry of Balintawak), Bonifacio transformed it into a revolutionary government with him as president. While the term Katipunan remained, Bonifacio's government was also known as the Tagalog Republic (Tagalog: Republika ng Katagalugan; Spanish: Republica Tagala). (Although the word Tagalog refers to a specific ethnicity, Bonifacio used it to denote all indigenous people in the Philippines in place of Filipino which had colonial origins.)^{[30][31][32][33][34]}

Some historians contend that including Bonifacio as a past president would imply that Macario Sakay and Miguel Malvar should also be included.^[35] Malvar continued Emilio Aguinaldo's leadership of the First Philippine Republic after the latter's capture until his own capture in 1902. Macario Sakay revived the Tagalog Republic in 1902 as a continuation of Bonifacio's Katipunan. They are still both considered by some scholars as "unofficial presidents". Along with Bonifacio, Malvar and Sakay are not recognized as presidents by the Philippine government.^[36][37]

Emilio Aguinaldo is officially recognized as the first president of the Philippines, but this is based on his term of office during the Malolos Republic, later known as the First Philippine Republic. Prior to this Aguinaldo had held the presidency of several revolutionary governments which are not counted in the succession of Philippine republics.

Manuel L. Quezon delegated his presidential duties to José Abad Santos, the then-Chief Justice, when the former fled the Philippines amidst Japanese occupation of the islands to establish a government-in-exile. He is believed to have in effect become the acting president of the Philippine Commonwealth though no legal document has been retrieved detailing the official transfer of the title of President to Abad Santos.^[38]

List

Portrait	Name (Lifespan)	Term	Party		Election	Vice President	Government
	Andrés Bonifacio (1863–1897) [34][39][40][41]	August 24, 1896[v] – March 22, 1897[w] or May 10, 1897[x] (210 days or 259 days)		Nonpartisan	–	None	Sovereign Tagalog Nation
	Emilio Aguinaldo (1869–1964)	March 22, 1897[y] – November 1, 1897[z] (224 days)		Nonpartisan	1897	Mariano Trias	Tejeros Revolutionary Government
		November 2, 1897[aa] – December 14, 1897[ab] (42 days)			–		Republic of Biak-na-Bato
		May 24, 1898 – June 23, 1898[ac] (30 days)			–		Dictatorial Government
		June 23, 1898[ad][42] – January 23, 1899[ae] (214 days)			–		Revolutionary Government
	Francisco Makabulos (1871–1922)	April 17, 1898 – May 19, 1898[af] (32 days)		Nonpartisan	–	None	Central Executive Committee
	Miguel Malvar (1865–1911) [43]	April 19, 1901[ag] – April 16, 1902[ah] (362 days)		Nonpartisan	–	None[ai]	First Republic
	Macario Sakay (1870–1907) [44][45][46]	May 6, 1902[aj] – July 14, 1906[ak] (4 years, 69 days)		Katipunan (Holdout/revival)	–	Francisco Carreón	Tagalog Republic
	José Abad Santos (1886–1942) [38]	March 17, 1942 – May 1, 1942 (45 days)		Independent	–	None	Commonwealth
	Jorge B. Vargas (1890–1980)	January 23, 1942 – October 14, 1943 (1 year, 264 days)		KALIBAPI	–	None	Philippine Executive Commission
	Arturo Tolentino (1910–2004) [47][48]	July 6, 1986[al] – July 8, 1986 (2 days)		KBL	1986	None	Fourth Republic

List of presidents by age

No.	President	Born	Age at start of presidency	Age at end of presidency	Post-presidency timespan	Lifespan
						Died	Age
1	Emilio Aguinaldo	March 22, 1869	29 years, 307 days January 23, 1899	32 years, 1 day March 23, 1901	62 years, 320 days	February 6, 1964	94 years, 321 days
2	Manuel Quezon	August 19, 1878	56 years, 180 days February 15, 1935	65 years, 348 days August 1, 1944	Died in office	August 1, 1944	65 years, 348 days
3	Jose P. Laurel	March 9, 1891	52 years, 219 days October 14, 1943	54 years, 161 days August 17, 1945	14 years, 81 days	November 6, 1959	68 years, 242 days
4	Sergio Osmeña	September 9, 1878	65 years, 327 days August 1, 1944	67 years, 261 days May 28, 1946	15 years, 144 days	October 19, 1961	83 years, 40 days
5	Manuel Roxas	January 1, 1892	54 years, 147 days May 28, 1946	56 years, 105 days April 15, 1948	Died in office	April 15, 1948	56 years, 105 days
6	Elpidio Quirino	November 16, 1890	57 years, 153 days April 17, 1948	63 years, 44 days December 30, 1953	2 years, 61 days	February 29, 1956	65 years, 105 days
7	Ramon Magsaysay	August 31, 1907	46 years, 121 days December 30, 1953	49 years, 198 days March 17, 1957	Died in office	March 17, 1957	49 years, 198 days
8	Carlos P. Garcia	November 4, 1896	60 years, 134 days March 18, 1957	65 years, 56 days December 30, 1961	9 years, 166 days	June 14, 1971	74 years, 222 days
9	Diosdado Macapagal	September 28, 1910	51 years, 93 days December 30, 1961	55 years, 93 days December 30, 1965	31 years, 112 days	April 21, 1997	86 years, 205 days
10	Ferdinand E. Marcos	September 11, 1917	48 years, 110 days December 30, 1965	68 years, 167 days February 25, 1986	3 years, 215 days	September 28, 1989	72 years, 17 days
11	Corazon Aquino	January 25, 1933	53 years, 31 days February 25, 1986	59 years, 157 days June 30, 1992	17 years, 32 days	August 1, 2009	76 years, 188 days
12	Fidel V. Ramos	March 18, 1928	64 years, 104 days June 30, 1992	70 years, 104 days June 30, 1998	24 years, 31 days	July 31, 2022	94 years, 135 days
13	Joseph Estrada	April 19, 1937	61 years, 72 days June 30, 1998	63 years, 276 days January 20, 2001	Living	Living	88 years, 120 days
14	Gloria Macapagal Arroyo	April 5, 1947	53 years, 290 days January 20, 2001	63 years, 86 days June 30, 2010	Living	Living	78 years, 134 days
15	Benigno Aquino III	February 8, 1960	50 years, 142 days June 30, 2010	56 years, 143 days June 30, 2016	4 years, 359 days	June 24, 2021	61 years, 136 days
16	Rodrigo Duterte	March 28, 1945	71 years, 94 days June 30, 2016	77 years, 94 days June 30, 2022	Living	Living	80 years, 142 days
17	Bongbong Marcos	September 13, 1957	64 years, 290 days June 30, 2022	Incumbent	Incumbent	Living	67 years, 338 days

List of presidents by offices held before presidency

Executive branch

Vice presidents

Vice President	President served under	Year(s) served	Notes
Sergio Osmeña	Manuel L. Quezon	1935–1944	Osmeña succeeded Quezon, after the latter's death
Elpidio Quirino	Manuel Roxas	1946–1948	Quirino succeeded Roxas, after the latter's death; ran and won a full term in 1949
Carlos P. Garcia	Ramon Magsaysay	1953–1957	Garcia succeeded Magsaysay, after the latter's death; ran and won a full term in 1957
Diosdado Macapagal	Carlos P. Garcia	1957–1961	Macapagal defeated Garcia in 1961
Joseph Estrada	Fidel V. Ramos	1992–1998	Estrada ran for a full term in 1998
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo	Joseph Estrada	1998–2001	Arroyo succeeded Estrada, after the latter's resignation; ran and won a full term in 2004

3 other former vice presidents (S. Laurel, Binay, and Robredo) all made unsuccessful runs for the presidency.

Cabinet secretaries

The following list includes only cabinet secretaries who served full-time. Vice presidents who served concurrently as cabinet secretaries are not included.

Secretary	Office	President served under	Year(s) served
Elpidio Quirino	Secretary of Finance	Manuel Quezon	1934– 1936
	Secretary of Interior		1935–1938
Manuel Roxas			1941
Ramon Magsaysay	Secretary of National Defense	Elpidio Quirino	1935–1944
Fidel V. Ramos		Corazon Aquino	1988–1991

Other positions

Name	Office	President served under	Year(s) served
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo	Undersecretary of the Department of Trade and Industry	Corazon Aquino	1987–1992

Legislative

Senators

Senator	District	Year(s) served	Notes
Manuel L. Quezon	5th	1916–1935	First president to serve as Senate president (1916–1935)
Jose P. Laurel		1925–1931	Only former president to serve as senator (1951–1957) Only senator to serve as majority floor leader (1925–1931)
Sergio Osmeña	10th	1922–1935	First president to serve as president pro tempore (1922–1934)
Manuel Roxas	At-large	1945–1946	Second president to serve as Senate president (1916–1935)
Elpidio Quirino	1st	1925–1935	Second and last president to serve as president pro tempore (1945–1946)
	At-large	1945–1946
Carlos P. Garcia		1945–1953	First president to serve as minority floor leader (1946–1953)
Ferdinand E. Marcos		1959–1965	Second president to serve as minority floor leader (1960–1962) Third and last president to serve as Senate president (1963–1965)
Joseph Estrada		1987–1992
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo		1992–1998
Benigno Aquino III		2007–2010	Did not finish term, won presidency
Bongbong Marcos		2010–2016

Congressman/Representatives/Assemblyman

Legislator	District	Lower House Name	Year(s) served	Notes
Manuel L. Quezon	Tayabas 1st	Philippine Assembly	1907–1909	First president to serve as majority floor leader (1907–1909)
Sergio Osmeña	Cebu 2nd		1907–1916	First President to serve as speaker (1907–1916)
		House of Representatives	1916–1922
Manuel Roxas	Capiz 1st		1922–1935	Second president to serve as majority floor leader. Second president to serve as speaker (1922–1934)
		National Assembly	1935–1938
Elpidio Quirino	Ilocos Sur 1st	House of Representatives	1919–1925
Ramon Magsaysay	Zambales at-large		1946–1950
Carlos P. Garcia	Bohol 3rd		1925–1931
Diosdado Macapagal	Pampanga 1st		1949–1957
Ferdinand E. Marcos	Ilocos Norte 2nd		1949–1959
Benigno Aquino III	Tarlac 2nd		1998–2007	Only president to serve as deputy speaker (2004–2006)
Rodrigo Duterte	Davao City 1st		1998–2001
Bongbong Marcos	Ilocos Norte 2nd		1992–1995; 2007– 2010

Local government

Governors

Governor	Province	Year(s) served	Notes
Manuel Quezon	Tayabas	1906–1907
Sergio Osmeña	Cebu	1904–1907
Manuel Roxas	Capiz	1919–1922
Carlos P. Garcia	Bohol	1933–1941
Bongbong Marcos	Ilocos Norte	1983–1986; 1998–2007	Only president to serve as vice governor (1980–1983)

Mayors

Mayor	City/Municipality	Year(s) served	Notes
Joseph Estrada	San Juan	1969–1986	First former president to serve as Mayor (2013–2019)
Rodrigo Duterte	Davao City	1988–1998; 2001–2010; 2013–2016	Only president to serve as vice mayor (1986–1987; 2010–2013) Second former president elected as mayor (2025)

Municipal/City Councilors

Name	Municipality/City	Province	Year(s) served
Manuel Quezon	Lucena	Tayabas	1906
Manuel Roxas	Capiz	Capiz	1917–1919

Judiciary

Name	Position	Year(s) served	President	Notes
Jose P. Laurel	Associate Justice of the Supreme Court	1936–1942	Manuel Quezon	Only president to serve on the Supreme Court

International Affairs-related

Name	Office	President served under	Year(s) served
Manuel Quezon	Resident Commissioner of the Philippines	None (Under American rule)	1909–1916

Presidents who had not previously held elective office

Without previous experience in government, but served in the military

Name	Year(s) served
Emilio Aguinaldo	1899–1901

Without previous experience in government or in the military

Name	Year(s) served
Corazon Aquino	1986–1992

List of presidents by military service

Name	Rank	Branch	Year(s) served	Notes
Emilio Aguinaldo	Generalissimo	Philippine Revolutionary Army	1896–1901
Manuel Quezon	Major	Philippine Republican Army	1899–1900
Manuel Roxas	Brigadier General	Philippine Commonwealth Army	1941–1945
Ramon Magsaysay	Captain	Philippine Commonwealth Army	1942–1945
Ferdinand E. Marcos	1st Lieutenant	USAFFE	1942–1945
	Major	USAFIP-NL
Fidel V. Ramos	General	Philippine Constabulary	1950–1988	Only former president to serve as chief of staff of the Armed Forces (1984–1985; 1986–1988), and commander of a service branch (1972–1986)

Notes

1. The president has three official residences, with the Malacañang Palace Complex as the principal abode and workplace.^[1] The others are Mansion House in Baguio, the official summer residence,^[2] and Malacañang of the South, the official residence in Davao City.
2. In chronological order, the presidents started with Manuel L. Quezon,^[7] who was then succeeded by Sergio Osmeña as the second president,^[8] until the recognition of Emilio Aguinaldo^[9] and José P. Laurel's^[10] presidencies in the 1960s.^{[subnote 1][subnote 2]} With Aguinaldo as the first president and Laurel as the third, Quezon and Osmeña are thus listed as the second and the fourth respectively.^[3][17]
3. Emilio Aguinaldo, the official first president, was elected indirectly by the Malolos Congress and not by popular vote.^[20][21]

Subnotes

1. The Malolos Republic, an independent revolutionary state that is actually the first constitutional republic in Asia,^[11][12] remained unrecognized by any country^[13][14] until the Philippines acknowledged the government as its predecessor,^[15] which it also calls the First Philippine Republic.^[11][9][16] Aguinaldo was consequently counted as the country's first president.^[6][9]
2. The Second Republic was later declared by the Supreme Court of the Philippines as a de facto, illegitimate government on September 17, 1945.^[10] Its laws were considered null and void;^[3][10] despite this, Laurel was included in the official roster of Philippine presidents in the 1960s.^[10]

Other notes

1. Emilio Aguinaldo took an oath of allegiance to the United States on April 19, 1901, after being captured by American forces in Palanan, Isabela on March 23.
2. Elected by the Malolos Congress.
3. The 1899 Constitution did not provide for a vice president.
4. During this period, executive authority was held by American military governors from August 14, 1898 until July 1, 1902, and by American governors-general from July 4, 1901 until November 15, 1935. The president of the United States appointed both military governors and governors-general. Military governors were appointed using the president's powers as commander-in-chief, while governors-general were appointed with the advice and consent of the United States Senate.
5. From October 14, 1943 until August 17, 1945, there were two presidencies of the Philippines: one for the Commonwealth of the Philippines under the United States and another for the Japanese-backed Second Philippine Republic. Two individuals served as president of the Commonwealth during this period: Manuel L. Quezon (until August 1, 1944) and Sergio Osmeña (from August 1, 1944). Jose P. Laurel was the only president of the Second Republic.
6. Died in office.
7. Manuel L. Quezon's second term was supposed to end on December 30, 1943. However, Joint Resolution No. 95 of the United States Congress was approved on November 12, 1943, to extend Quezon's term due to the Japanese occupation of the Philippines.
8. Jose P. Laurel dissolved the Second Philippine Republic on August 17, 1945.
9. Elected by the National Assembly.
10. The 1943 Constitution did not provide for a vice president.
11. Succeeded to the presidency upon the death of the preceding president.
12. The 1935 Constitution did not provide for the filling of a vacancy in the vice presidency.
13. Ferdinand Marcos was removed from office on February 25, 1986, as a result of the People Power Revolution.
14. The 1973 Constitution did not provide for a vice presidency.
15. Ferdinand Marcos' term was extended through a referendum.
16. The 1973 Constitution was amended in 1981 to provide for a vice presidency. However, a vice presidential election was not called until 1986.
17. In the 1986 presidential election, Ferdinand Marcos was declared the winner by the Batasang Pambansa based on the results from the Commission on Elections, while Corazon Aquino was declared the winner by the National Citizens' Movement for Free Elections. The fraudulent conduct and disputed result of the election led to the People Power Revolution, resulting in Marcos' removal from office and Aquino's assumption of the presidency.
18. Joseph Estrada was removed from office on January 20, 2001, as a result of the Second EDSA Revolution. The Supreme Court confirmed Estrada's resignation on March 2, 2001.^[29]
19. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo succeeded to the presidency on January 20, 2001, upon Joseph Estrada's removal from office as a result of the Second EDSA Revolution.
20. The vice presidency was vacant from January 20 until February 7, 2001.
21. Appointed as vice president in accordance with Section 9 of Article VII of the 1987 Constitution.
22. Term began when Bonifacio declared the establishment of the Tagalog Republic.
23. Term ended after the Tejeros Convention.
24. Executed for treason by Aguinaldo's government; Bonifacio did not recognize its validity and still acted as president.
25. Term was established at the Tejeros Convention; Aguinaldo took his oath of office the day after (March 23), but did not fully assume the office until late April 1897.
26. Term ended with the establishment of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.
27. Term began after the establishment of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.
28. Term ended when Aguinaldo signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato.
29. Term ended when Aguinaldo shifted from dictatorial to revolutionary government.
30. Term began with the declaration of a revolutionary government replacing the dictatorship.
31. Term ended with the inauguration of the First Philippine Republic.
32. Term ended upon the return of Aguinaldo, who established a dictatorship.
33. Term began when Malvar presumptively assumed the presidency after the declaration of Aguinaldo to the United States.
34. Term ended when Malvar surrendered in Batangas.
35. The constitution at this time did not create an office of the vice president.
36. Term began when Sakay declared the establishment of the Tagalog Republic (in the tradition of Bonifacio instead of Aguinaldo).
37. Term ended when Sakay surrendered as part of an amnesty; he was executed a year later.
38. The running-mate of former President Ferdinand Marcos in the February 1986 presidential election. Proclaimed himself as acting president in a coup attempt.

See also

• List of vice presidents of the Philippines