A mujaddid (Arabic: مجدد), is an Islamic term for one who brings "renewal" (تجديد, tajdid) to the religion.[1][2] According to the popular Muslim tradition, it refers to a person who appears at the turn of every century of the Islamic calendar to revitalize Islam, cleansing it of extraneous elements and restoring it to its pristine purity. In contemporary times, a mujaddid is looked upon as the greatest Muslim of a century.[3]
The concept is based on a hadith (a saying of Islamic prophet Muhammad),[4] recorded by Abu Dawood, narrated by Abu Hurairah who mentioned that Muhammad said:
Allah will raise for this community at the end of every 100 years the one who will renovate its religion for it.
Ikhtilaf (disagreements) exist among different hadith viewers. Scholars such as Al-Dhahabi and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani have interpreted that the term mujaddid can also be understood as plural, thus referring to a group of people.[6][7]
Mujaddids can include prominent scholars, pious rulers and military commanders.[2]
While there is no formal mechanism for designating a mujaddid in Sunni Islam, there is often a popular consensus. The Shia and Ahmadiyya[13][page needed][14] have their own list of mujaddids.[2]
First century (after the prophetic period) (August 3, 718)
Second century (August 10, 815)
Third century (August 17, 912)
Fourth Century (August 24, 1009)
Fifth century (September 1, 1106)
Sixth century (September 9, 1203)
Seventh century (September 15, 1300)
Eighth century (September 23, 1397)
Ninth century (October 1, 1494)
Tenth century (October 19, 1591)
Eleventh century (October 26, 1688)
Twelfth century (November 4, 1785)
Thirteenth century (November 14, 1882)
Fourteenth century (November 21, 1979)
Neal Robinson (2013), Islam: A Concise Introduction, Routledge, ISBN 978-0878402243, Chapter 7, pp. 85–89
Taareekh al-Islam (23/180)
Jackson, Roy (2010). Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State. Routledge. ISBN 9781136950360.
Advocate of Dialogue: Fethullah Gulen by Ali Unal and Alphonse Williams, 10 June 2000; ISBN 978-0970437013
Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim, "An Overview of al-Sadiq al-Madhi's Islamic Discourse." Taken from The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought, p. 172. Ed. Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. ISBN 978-1-4051-7848-8
Jesudas M. Athyal, Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures, (ABC-CLIO, LLC 2015), p 1. ISBN 9781610692496.
Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. ISBN 0415966906.
Waines, David (2003). An Introduction to Islam. Cambridge University Press. p. 210. ISBN 0521539064.
Mohammed M. I. Ghaly, "Writings on Disability in Islam: The 16th Century Polemic on Ibn Fahd's "al-Nukat al-Ziraf"," The Arab Studies Journal, Vol. 13/14, No. 2/1 (Fall 2005/Spring 2006), p. 26, note 98
Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. ISBN 0415966906
Ihya Ulum Ad Din, Dar Al Minhaj: Volume 1. p. 403.
The Legal Thought of Jalāl Al-Din Al-Suyūṭī: Authority and Legacy, Page 133 Rebecca Skreslet Hernandez
Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, Oxford University Press, 1996, p 421
Majmu al-Fatawa, Volume 10, Page 455
Sufi Movements in Eastern India – Page 194
The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pp. 227–228
Muhsin J. al-Musawi (15 April 2015). Medieval Islamic Republic of Letters, The: Arabic Knowledge Construction. University of Notre Dame Press, Chapter 6 'Disputation in Rhetoric' citation #28. ISBN 978-0268020446. ISBN 978-0268020446
Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim, "An Overview of al-Sadiq al-Madhi's Islamic Discourse." Taken from The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought, p. 214. Ed. Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. ISBN 978-1-4051-7848-8
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society: Volume 12: Sixth Series
By Royal Historical Society
Muslims and India's freedom movement, Shan Muhammad, Institute of Objective Studies (New Delhi, India), Institute of Objective Studies and the University of Michigan, 2002; ISBN 9788185220581
Ahmad, M. (1975). Saiyid Ahmad barevali: His Life and Mission (No. 93). Lucknow: Academy of Islamic Research and Publications. Page 27.
Adrawi Asir. Hazrat Shaykh al-Hind: Hayāt awr kārnāme [Shaykh al-Hind: Life and works] (in Urdu). Shaykhul Hind Academy. pp. 304–305.
Senegal Society and Culture Report. Petaluma, CA: World Trade Press. 2010. (2014). The Mourides of Senegal. World Trade Press.{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Rippin, Andrew. Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. p. 282.
The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam – Page 286
The Fundamental Principles of Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy by Reza Akbarian
Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, Thomson Gale (2004)
Friedmann, Yohanan (2003). Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background. Oxford University Press. p. 107. ISBN 965-264-014-X.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is the founder of the Ahmadiyya sect. The Sunni-Shia mainstream and the majority of Muslims reject the Ahmadiyya sect as it believes in non-law bearing prophethood after Muhammad.
"Ahmadis - Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Archived from the original on July 23, 2010. Retrieved 2018-09-03. Controversial messianic movement founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in Qadian, Punjab (British-controlled India), in 1889. Founder claimed to be a "nonlegislating" prophet (thus not in opposition to the mainstream belief in the finality of Muhammad's "legislative" prophecy) with a divine mandate for the revival and renewal of Islam.
- Alvi, Sajida S. "The Mujaddid and Tajdīd Traditions in the Indian Subcontinent: An Historical Overview" ("Hindistan’da Mucaddid ve Tacdîd geleneği: Tarihî bir bakış"). Journal of Turkish Studies 18 (1994): 1–15.
- Friedmann, Yohanan. Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi: An Outline of His Thought and a Study of His Image in the Eyes of Posterity. Oxford India Paperbacks