Connected space
Topological space that is connected / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In topology and related branches of mathematics, a connected space is a topological space that cannot be represented as the union of two or more disjoint non-empty open subsets. Connectedness is one of the principal topological properties that are used to distinguish topological spaces.
A subset of a topological space is a connected set if it is a connected space when viewed as a subspace of .
Some related but stronger conditions are path connected, simply connected, and -connected. Another related notion is locally connected, which neither implies nor follows from connectedness.
A topological space is said to be disconnected if it is the union of two disjoint non-empty open sets. Otherwise, is said to be connected. A subset of a topological space is said to be connected if it is connected under its subspace topology. Some authors exclude the empty set (with its unique topology) as a connected space, but this article does not follow that practice.
For a topological space the following conditions are equivalent:
- is connected, that is, it cannot be divided into two disjoint non-empty open sets.
- The only subsets of which are both open and closed (clopen sets) are and the empty set.
- The only subsets of with empty boundary are and the empty set.
- cannot be written as the union of two non-empty separated sets (sets for which each is disjoint from the other's closure).
- All continuous functions from to are constant, where is the two-point space endowed with the discrete topology.
Historically this modern formulation of the notion of connectedness (in terms of no partition of into two separated sets) first appeared (independently) with N.J. Lennes, Frigyes Riesz, and Felix Hausdorff at the beginning of the 20th century. See [1] for details.
Connected components
Given some point in a topological space the union of any collection of connected subsets such that each contained will once again be a connected subset. The connected component of a point in is the union of all connected subsets of that contain it is the unique largest (with respect to ) connected subset of that contains The maximal connected subsets (ordered by inclusion ) of a non-empty topological space are called the connected components of the space. The components of any topological space form a partition of : they are disjoint, non-empty and their union is the whole space. Every component is a closed subset of the original space. It follows that, in the case where their number is finite, each component is also an open subset. However, if their number is infinite, this might not be the case; for instance, the connected components of the set of the rational numbers are the one-point sets (singletons), which are not open. Proof: Any two distinct rational numbers are in different components. Take an irrational number and then set and Then is a separation of and . Thus each component is a one-point set.
Let be the connected component of in a topological space and be the intersection of all clopen sets containing (called quasi-component of ) Then where the equality holds if is compact Hausdorff or locally connected. [2]
Disconnected spaces
A space in which all components are one-point sets is called totally disconnected. Related to this property, a space is called totally separated if, for any two distinct elements and of , there exist disjoint open sets containing and containing such that is the union of and . Clearly, any totally separated space is totally disconnected, but the converse does not hold. For example take two copies of the rational numbers , and identify them at every point except zero. The resulting space, with the quotient topology, is totally disconnected. However, by considering the two copies of zero, one sees that the space is not totally separated. In fact, it is not even Hausdorff, and the condition of being totally separated is strictly stronger than the condition of being Hausdorff.
- The closed interval in the standard subspace topology is connected; although it can, for example, be written as the union of and the second set is not open in the chosen topology of
- The union of and is disconnected; both of these intervals are open in the standard topological space
- is disconnected.
- A convex subset of is connected; it is actually simply connected.
- A Euclidean plane excluding the origin, is connected, but is not simply connected. The three-dimensional Euclidean space without the origin is connected, and even simply connected. In contrast, the one-dimensional Euclidean space without the origin is not connected.
- A Euclidean plane with a straight line removed is not connected since it consists of two half-planes.
- , the space of real numbers with the usual topology, is connected.
- The Sorgenfrey line is disconnected.[3]
- If even a single point is removed from , the remainder is disconnected. However, if even a countable infinity of points are removed from , where the remainder is connected. If , then remains simply connected after removal of countably many points.
- Any topological vector space, e.g. any Hilbert space or Banach space, over a connected field (such as or ), is simply connected.
- Every discrete topological space with at least two elements is disconnected, in fact such a space is totally disconnected. The simplest example is the discrete two-point space.[4]
- On the other hand, a finite set might be connected. For example, the spectrum of a discrete valuation ring consists of two points and is connected. It is an example of a Sierpiński space.
- The Cantor set is totally disconnected; since the set contains uncountably many points, it has uncountably many components.
- If a space is homotopy equivalent to a connected space, then is itself connected.
- The topologist's sine curve is an example of a set that is connected but is neither path connected nor locally connected.
- The general linear group (that is, the group of -by- real, invertible matrices) consists of two connected components: the one with matrices of positive determinant and the other of negative determinant. In particular, it is not connected. In contrast, is connected. More generally, the set of invertible bounded operators on a complex Hilbert space is connected.
- The spectra of commutative local ring and integral domains are connected. More generally, the following are equivalent[5]
- The spectrum of a commutative ring is connected
- Every finitely generated projective module over has constant rank.
- has no idempotent (i.e., is not a product of two rings in a nontrivial way).
An example of a space that is not connected is a plane with an infinite line deleted from it. Other examples of disconnected spaces (that is, spaces which are not connected) include the plane with an annulus removed, as well as the union of two disjoint closed disks, where all examples of this paragraph bear the subspace topology induced by two-dimensional Euclidean space.
A path-connected space is a stronger notion of connectedness, requiring the structure of a path. A path from a point to a point in a topological space is a continuous function from the unit interval to with and . A path-component of is an equivalence class of under the equivalence relation which makes equivalent to if there is a path from to . The space is said to be path-connected (or pathwise connected or -connected) if there is exactly one path-component. For non-empty spaces, this is equivalent to the statement that there is a path joining any two points in . Again, many authors exclude the empty space.
Every path-connected space is connected. The converse is not always true: examples of connected spaces that are not path-connected include the extended long line and the topologist's sine curve.
Subsets of the real line are connected if and only if they are path-connected; these subsets are the intervals and rays of . Also, open subsets of or are connected if and only if they are path-connected. Additionally, connectedness and path-connectedness are the same for finite topological spaces.
A space is said to be arc-connected or arcwise connected if any two topologically distinguishable points can be joined by an arc, which is an embedding . An arc-component of is a maximal arc-connected subset of ; or equivalently an equivalence class of the equivalence relation of whether two points can be joined by an arc or by a path whose points are topologically indistinguishable.
Every Hausdorff space that is path-connected is also arc-connected; more generally this is true for a -Hausdorff space, which is a space where each image of a path is closed. An example of a space which is path-connected but not arc-connected is given by the line with two origins; its two copies of can be connected by a path but not by an arc.
Intuition for path-connected spaces does not readily transfer to arc-connected spaces. Let be the line with two origins. The following are facts whose analogues hold for path-connected spaces, but do not hold for arc-connected spaces:
- Continuous image of arc-connected space may not be arc-connected: for example, a quotient map from an arc-connected space to its quotient with countably many (at least 2) topologically distinguishable points cannot be arc-connected due to too small cardinality.
- Arc-components may not be disjoint. For example, has two overlapping arc-components.
- Arc-connected product space may not be a product of arc-connected spaces. For example, is arc-connected, but is not.
- Arc-components of a product space may not be products of arc-components of the marginal spaces. For example, has a single arc-component, but has two arc-components.
- If arc-connected subsets have a non-empty intersection, then their union may not be arc-connected. For example, the arc-components of intersect, but their union is not arc-connected.
A topological space is said to be locally connected at a point if every neighbourhood of contains a connected open neighbourhood. It is locally connected if it has a base of connected sets. It can be shown that a space is locally connected if and only if every component of every open set of is open.
Similarly, a topological space is said to be locally path-connected if it has a base of path-connected sets. An open subset of a locally path-connected space is connected if and only if it is path-connected. This generalizes the earlier statement about and , each of which is locally path-connected. More generally, any topological manifold is locally path-connected.
Locally connected does not imply connected, nor does locally path-connected imply path connected. A simple example of a locally connected (and locally path-connected) space that is not connected (or path-connected) is the union of two separated intervals in , such as .
A classical example of a connected space that is not locally connected is the so called topologist's sine curve, defined as , with the Euclidean topology induced by inclusion in .