Raymond Poincaré
President of France from 1913 to 1920 / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincaré (French pronunciation: [ʁɛmɔ̃ pwɛ̃kaʁe]; 20 August 1860 – 15 October 1934) was a French statesman who served as President of France from 1913 to 1920, and three times as Prime Minister of France.
Raymond Poincaré | |
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10th President of France | |
In office 18 February 1913 – 18 February 1920 | |
Prime Minister | |
Preceded by | Armand Fallières |
Succeeded by | Paul Deschanel |
Prime Minister of France | |
In office 23 July 1926 – 29 July 1929 | |
President | Gaston Doumergue |
Preceded by | Édouard Herriot |
Succeeded by | Aristide Briand |
In office 15 January 1922 – 8 June 1924 | |
President | Alexandre Millerand |
Preceded by | Aristide Briand |
Succeeded by | Frédéric François-Marsal |
In office 21 January 1912 – 21 January 1913 | |
President | Armand Fallières |
Preceded by | Joseph Caillaux |
Succeeded by | Aristide Briand |
Minister of Foreign Affairs | |
In office 15 January 1922 – 8 June 1924 | |
Prime Minister | Himself |
Preceded by | Aristide Briand |
Succeeded by | Edmond Lefebvre du Prey |
In office 14 January 1912 – 21 January 1913 | |
Prime Minister | Himself |
Preceded by | Justin de Selves |
Succeeded by | Charles Jonnart |
Minister of Finance | |
In office 23 July 1926 – 11 November 1928 | |
Prime Minister | Himself |
Preceded by | Anatole de Monzie |
Succeeded by | Henry Chéron |
In office 14 March 1906 – 25 October 1906 | |
Prime Minister | Ferdinand Sarrien |
Preceded by | Pierre Merlou [fr] |
Succeeded by | Joseph Caillaux |
In office 30 May 1894 – 26 January 1895 | |
Prime Minister | Charles Dupuy |
Preceded by | Auguste Burdeau |
Succeeded by | Alexandre Ribot |
Minister of Education | |
In office 26 January 1895 – 1 November 1895 | |
Prime Minister | Alexandre Ribot |
Preceded by | Georges Leygues |
Succeeded by | Émile Combes |
In office 4 April 1893 – 3 December 1893 | |
Prime Minister | Charles Dupuy |
Preceded by | Charles Dupuy |
Succeeded by | Eugène Spuller |
Personal details | |
Born | Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincaré (1860-08-20)20 August 1860 Bar-le-Duc, France |
Died | 15 October 1934(1934-10-15) (aged 74) Paris, France |
Political party | Democratic Republican Alliance |
Spouse | |
Alma mater | |
Signature | |
Trained in law, Poincaré was elected deputy in 1887 and served in the cabinets of Dupuy and Ribot. In 1902, he co-founded the Democratic Republican Alliance, the most important centre-right party under the Third Republic, becoming prime minister in 1912 and serving as President of the Republic from 1913 to 1920. He purged the French government of all opponents and critics and single-handedly controlled French foreign policy from 1912 to the beginning of World War I. He was noted for his strongly anti-German attitudes, shifting the Franco-Russian Alliance from the defensive to the offensive, visiting Russia in 1912 and 1914 to strengthen Franco-Russian relations, and giving France's support for Russian military mobilization during the July Crisis of 1914. From 1917, he exercised less influence as his political rival Georges Clemenceau had become prime minister. At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, he advocated Allied occupation of the Rhineland for at least 30 years and French support for Rhenish separatism.
In 1922 Poincaré returned to power as prime minister. In 1923 he ordered the Occupation of the Ruhr to enforce payment of German reparations. By this time Poincaré was seen, especially in the English-speaking world, as an aggressive figure (Poincaré-la-Guerre) who had helped to cause the war in 1914 and who now favoured punitive anti-German policies. His government was defeated by the Cartel des Gauches at the elections of 1924. He served a third term as prime minister in 1926–1929.
Poincaré was an International Member of both the American Philosophical Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[1][2] Nicknamed Le Lion ("the Lion), Poincaré is an honored as a victorious wartime leader in France.