Republic of Florence

The Republic of Florence (Italian: Repubblica di Firenze), known officially as the Florentine Republic (Italian: Repubblica Fiorentina, pronounced [reˈpubblika fjorenˈtiːna]), was a medieval and early modern state that was centered on the Italian city of Florence in Tuscany, Italy.[1][2] The republic originated in 1115, when the Florentine people rebelled against the Margraviate of Tuscany upon the death of Matilda of Tuscany, who controlled vast territories that included Florence. The Florentines formed a commune in her successors' place.[3] The republic was ruled by a council known as the Signoria of Florence. The signoria was chosen by the gonfaloniere (titular ruler of the city), who was elected every two months by Florentine guild members.

Quick facts: Republic of FlorenceRepubblica Fiorentina, Ca... ▼

Republic of Florence Repubblica Fiorentina
1115–1569
Top: State flag Bottom: Civil flag adopted by Guelphs in 1251 Coat of arms used by Ghibellines until 1251 Coat of arms adopted by Guelphs in 1251
The Florentine Republic in 1548
Capital	Florence 43°46′10″N 11°15′22″E
Common languages	Italian
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Demonym(s)	Florentine
Government	Oligarchic republic (1115–1494; 1498–1532) Republic under a theocratic regime (1494–98)
Gonfaloniere of Justice
• 1293–1295	Giano della Bella (first)
• 1434–1464	Cosimo de' Medici (first de facto Lord of Florence)
• 1530–1532	Alessandro de' Medici (last)
Duke of the Florentine Republic
• 1532–1537	Alessandro
• 1537–1569	Cosimo I
Legislature	Priorato delle Arti
• Upper house	Council of Ancients
• Lower house	Council of Consuls
History
• First established	1115
• Marquisate restored by Imperial force	1185–1197
• Ciompi Revolt	1378
• Incorporation of Pisa	1406
• Founding of the House of Medici	1434
• Title of Duke of the Florentine Republic created	1532
• Occupation of Siena	1555
• Elevated to Grand Duchy of Tuscany	1569
Currency	Florin (from 1252)
Preceded by Succeeded by March of Tuscany Commune of Arezzo Republic of Pisa Commune of Pistoia Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Florence
Today part of	Italy

During the Republic's history, Florence was an important cultural, economic, political and artistic force in Europe. Its coin, the florin, was the dominant trade coin of Western Europe for large scale transactions and became widely imitated throughout the continent.[4][5] During the Republican period, Florence was also the birthplace of the Renaissance, which is considered a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic "rebirth".[6]

The republic had a checkered history of coups and countercoups against various factions. The Medici faction gained governance of the city in 1434 under Cosimo de' Medici. The Medici kept control of Florence until 1494. Giovanni de' Medici, who later became Pope Leo X, reconquered the republic in 1512.

Florence repudiated Medici authority for a second time in 1527, during the War of the League of Cognac. The Medici reassumed their rule in 1531 after an 11-month siege of the city, aided by Emperor Charles V.[7] Pope Clement VII, himself a Medici, appointed his relative Alessandro de' Medici as the first "Duke of the Florentine Republic", thereby transforming the Republic into a hereditary monarchy.[7][8]

The second Duke, Cosimo I, established a strong Florentine navy and expanded his territory, conquering Siena. In 1569, the pope declared Cosimo the first grand duke of Tuscany. The Medici ruled the Grand Duchy of Tuscany until 1737.