Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile
2011–2020 insurgency in southern Sudan / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile was an armed conflict in the Sudanese states of South Kordofan and Blue Nile between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North (SPLM-N), a northern affiliate of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) in South Sudan. After some years of relative calm following the 2005 agreement which ended the second Sudanese civil war between the Sudanese government and SPLM rebels, fighting broke out again in the lead-up to South Sudan independence on 9 July 2011, starting in South Kordofan on 5 June and spreading to the neighboring Blue Nile state in September. SPLM-N, splitting from newly independent SPLM, took up arms against the inclusion of the two southern states in Sudan with no popular consultation and against the lack of democratic elections.[18] The conflict is intertwined with the War in Darfur, since in November 2011 SPLM-N established a loose alliance with Darfuri rebels, called Sudan Revolutionary Front (SRF).[19]
Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile | |||||||
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Part of Sudanese Civil Wars | |||||||
Military situation in Sudan as of June 2016. (For a more detailed map of the current military situation, see here.) Sudanese government and allies | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
SRF (until 2020) Alleged support:Ethiopia[3] | |||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Omar al-Bashir (until April 2019)[4] Abdel Rahim Mohd. Hussein (until April 2019)[5] Mustafa Osman Obeid Salim (until 2015) Ibrahim Balandiya † |
Abdelaziz al-Hilu Gibril Ibrahim Khalil Ibrahim † Malik Agar Yasir Arman Minni Minnawi Abdul Wahid al Nur Mohamed Rahouma †[6] | ||||||
Units involved | |||||||
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SPLM–N | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
SAF: 109,300[note 1] RSF: 17,500 | JEM: 35,000[12] | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
600−650 killed | 704 killed[13] | ||||||
Total: c. 643[15]−1,500[16] killed 500,000 displaced[17] |
As of October 2014, some two million people have been affected by the conflict, with more than 500,000 having been displaced and about 250,000 of them fleeing to South Sudan and Ethiopia.[20][21] In January 2015, fighting intensified as Omar al-Bashir's government tried to regain control of rebel-held territory ahead of April 2015 general elections.[22][23]
With the overthrow of al-Bashir in April 2019 following months of protests, the SRF announced a three-month ceasefire, hoping to facilitate a Sudanese transition to democracy.[24] This led to the beginning of peace negotiations between the rebels and the new interim government. The Sudanese peace process was formalised with the August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration, signed by military and civilian representatives during the Sudanese Revolution, that mandates that a peace agreement be made in South Kordofan and Blue Nile (and in Darfur) within the first six months of the 39-month transition period to democratic civilian government.[25][26]
On 31 August 2020, a comprehensive peace agreement was signed in Juba, South Sudan, between the Sudan's transitional government and the Sudan Revolutionary Front. The Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North led by Abdelaziz al-Hilu and Sudan Liberation Movement/Army led by Abdul Wahid al-Nur refused to sign the agreement.[27]
An agreement was reached between the transitional government and the SPLM-North al-Hilu rebel faction on 3 September 2020 in Addis Ababa to separate religion and state and not discriminate against anyone's ethnicity in order to secure the equal treatment of all citizens of Sudan. The declaration of principles stated that “Sudan is a multi-racial, multi-ethnic, multi-religious and multi-cultural society. Full recognition and accommodation of these diversities must be affirmed. (...) The state shall not establish an official religion. No citizen shall be discriminated against based on their religion.”[28]