Tibet (1912–1951)
Former country in East Asia / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Tibet (Tibetan: བོད་, Wylie: Bod) was a country[7] in East Asia that lasted from the collapse of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in 1912 until its annexation by the People's Republic of China in 1951.[7]
Tibet བོད་ Bod | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1912–1951 | |||||||||||
Anthem: "Gyallu" | |||||||||||
Capital and largest city | Lhasa | ||||||||||
Official languages | Tibetan, Tibetic languages | ||||||||||
Religion | Tibetan Buddhism (official) | ||||||||||
Demonym(s) | Tibetan | ||||||||||
Government | Dual system of government;[1] elective absolute monarchy[2] | ||||||||||
Dalai Lama | |||||||||||
• 1912–1933 (first) | Thubten Gyatso | ||||||||||
• 1937–1951 (last) | Tenzin Gyatso | ||||||||||
Regent | |||||||||||
• 1934–1941 (first) | Thubten Jamphel Yeshe Gyaltsen | ||||||||||
• 1941–1950 (last) | Ngawang Sungrab Thutob | ||||||||||
Kalön Tripa | |||||||||||
• 1912–1920 (first) | Chankhyim Trekhang Thupten Shakya | ||||||||||
• 1950–1951 (last) | Lobsang Tashi | ||||||||||
Legislature | None (rule by decree) | ||||||||||
History | |||||||||||
• Declaration of Independence | 4 April 1912 | ||||||||||
• Three Point Agreement[3] | 12 August 1912 | ||||||||||
• 13th Dalai Lama returns | January 1913 | ||||||||||
3 July 1914 | |||||||||||
1928 | |||||||||||
October 1950 | |||||||||||
23 May 1951 | |||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||
• Total | 1,221,600 km2 (471,700 sq mi) | ||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||
• 1945 | 1,000,000[6] | ||||||||||
Currency | Tibetan skar, Tibetan srang, Tibetan tangka | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Today part of | China ∟ Tibet Autonomous Region |
The Tibetan Ganden Phodrang regime was a protectorate[8] of the Qing dynasty until 1912.[9][10] When the provisional government of the Republic of China was formed, it received an imperial edict giving it control over all the territories of the Qing dynasty.[11][12][13] However, it was unable to assert any authority in Tibet. [disputed – discuss] The Dalai Lama declared that Tibet's relationship with China ended with the fall of the Qing dynasty and proclaimed independence. [citation needed] Tibet and Outer Mongolia also signed a treaty proclaiming mutual recognition of their independence from China.[14] Its independence was not formally recognized by other countries.[15][16]
After the 13th Dalai Lama's death in 1933, a condolence mission sent to Lhasa by the Kuomintang-ruled Nationalist government to start negotiations about Tibet's status was allowed to open an office and remain there, although no agreement was reached.[17]
The era ended after the Nationalist government of the Republic of China lost the civil war against the Chinese Communist Party and Tibet was annexed into the newly formed People's Republic of China.