Town Bemba

Town Bemba is an innovative variety of the Bemba language spoken among migrant populations in central Zambia. It developed in the mines and mining towns, where it replaced the earlier, and foreign, Fanagalo.

Town Bemba
Native to	Zambia
Region	Copperbelt
Native speakers	unknown, but growing; 2–3 million as L2 (2009)[1]
Language family	Bemba-based
Language codes
ISO 639-3	None (mis)
Glottolog	town1238
Guthrie code	M.40A[2]

It has been described as a creole,^[1] but this is dubious, since Town Bemba never went through a pidgin phase and its phonology and grammar differ only slightly from standard Bemba.^[3] Unlike in Nyanja, whose urban form needs to be treated as a separate language for literary purposes,^{[clarification needed]} literacy materials in Bemba such as those produced by iSchool.zm can generally be used by both urban and traditional speakers.^{[citation needed]}

References

1. Kees Versteegh, 2009, "Non-Indo-European Pidgins and Creoles", in Kouwenberg & Singler, eds., The Handbook of Pidgin and Creole Studies
2. Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
3. Andrew Gray & Phallen Bwalya, 2015. Bemba: a learner's guide to Zambia's largest language