The 1978 Pacific typhoon season was a very active season that produced 31 tropical storms, 16 typhoons and one intense typhoon. It ran year-round in 1978, but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between June and December. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.
| 1978 Pacific typhoon season | |
|---|---|
 Season summary map | |
| Seasonal boundaries | |
| First system formed | January 6, 1978 |
| Last system dissipated | December 19, 1978 |
| Strongest storm | |
| Name | Rita |
| • Maximum winds | 220 km/h (140 mph) (10-minute sustained) |
| • Lowest pressure | 880 hPa (mbar) |
| Seasonal statistics | |
| Total depressions | 63 |
| Total storms | 30 |
| Typhoons | 16 |
| Super typhoons | 1 (unofficial) |
| Total fatalities | >371 |
| Total damage | > $100 million (1978 USD) |
| Related articles | |
The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator and west of the International Date Line. Tropical storms that formed in the basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center while systems that were active in the Philippine area of responsibility were assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). This often results in the same storm having two names.
Seasonal summary
33 tropical depressions formed this year in the Western Pacific, of which 29 became tropical storms. 15 storms reached typhoon intensity, of which 1 reached super typhoon strength. Many of the storms either remained at sea or failed to do any damage.
Systems
Severe Tropical Storm Nadine
Nadine stayed at sea and was the first severe tropical storm of the season. It lived at least 1 week.
Typhoon Olive (Atang)
On 12:00 UTC on April 11, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began to monitor a surface circulation which had formed within the trough. Five days later, the JTWC issued their first warning on the system as it began coalescing.[1] On April 18, the system entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility, resulting in PAGASA naming the system Atang.[2] Later that day, the system intensified into a tropical storm, resulting in it being named Olive.
Olive would steadily intensify after it entered the South China Sea on April 20, being in an environment with good outflow aloft and warm Sea surface temperatures, resulting in it intensifying into a typhoon on April 22. Olive would recurve due to a break in the subtropical ridge, peaking with sustained winds of 100 mph (160 km/h) the next day. It accelerated to the east-northeast, steadily weakening due to intruding cool and dry air, resulting in the system becoming extratropical early on April 26.[1]
As Olive passed the Philippines, it would affect nearly 370,000 people in the nation, leaving 3,500 homeless.[3][4] The MV Leyte, a lengthened ship of the Compania Maritima was caught in it, being wrecked in the southwestern portion of Sibuyan Island as she was on a Manila-Cebu voyage.[5] The Hong Kong Observatory would hoist its Stand-By Signal No. 1 for Hong Kong on April 24 as Oliver was at its closest to the island.[6]
Tropical Storm Polly (Bising)
Polly was the first of three short-lived June systems.
Tropical Storm Rose (Klaring)
Rose was the second of three weak June systems.
Tropical Storm Shirley (Deling)
Shirley hit Vietnam as a tropical storm.
Typhoon Trix
Trix did a loop.
Typhoon Virginia
Virginia stayed largely at sea.
Typhoon Wendy (Emang)
Wendy ultimately hit Japan.
Severe Tropical Storm Agnes
Agnes formed on July 24, made a complete loop, and struck China on July 29 with winds of 55 mph after peaking at 65 mph.[7] It dissipated the 30th. In Hong Kong Tropical Storm Agnes killed 3 people.[8]
Tropical Storm Bonnie
Bonnie hit Vietnam.
Typhoon Carmen (Iliang)
Carmen was short-lived.
Tropical Storm Della (Heling)
Della landed in Taiwan and China.
Tropical Depression Loleng
Only recognized by PAGASA.
Tropical Storm 13W
13W was weak but hit Japan.
Typhoon Elaine (Miding)
Elaine struck the Northern Philippines and the Chinese province of Guangdong.
Typhoon Faye
Faye stayed at sea.
Tropical Storm Gloria (Norming)
Gloria stayed at sea.
Tropical Storm Hester
Hester stayed away from land.
Typhoon Irma (Ruping)
Irma, the eighth typhoon of the 1978 season, developed in the monsoon trough southeast of Taiwan.[9] It made landfall in Honshu, Japan. With winds of up to 120 km/h, Typhoon Irma killed at least 6 people and made about 3,000 homeless. Four people were missing and about 100 were injured by floods and landslides in southwestern Japan.[10] It destroyed or damaged 1,597 homes and left 6,266 homes flooded.[11] Irma smashed windows, overturned cars, and capsized several fishing boats. Several athletes at the Japan-China Friendship Track and Field Meet in Kitakyushu were injured when a freak gust blew them ten feet in the air. A Liberian-registered tanker was swept from its moorings off the port of Kure and drifted for nearly 5 kilometers before running aground off a small island in the Inland Sea.[10] Irma remained a typhoon for only 12 hours becoming the shortest-lived typhoon of the season.[9]
Typhoon Judy
Judy did not impact land.
Severe Tropical Storm Kit (Uding)
Kit hit Vietnam and The Philippines.
Typhoon Lola (Weling)
Lola hit China and the Philippines.
Typhoon Mamie
Mamie recurved out to sea.
Severe Tropical Storm Nina (Yaning)
According to the official reports, 59 people died and more than 500,000 were in evacuation centers in the Philippines.[12]
Typhoon Ora (Aning)
Ora brushed Taiwan.
Tropical Depression 25W
25W did not affect land.
Tropical Depression 26W (Bidang)
26W followed 25W.
Typhoon Phyllis
Phyllis recurved from Japan.
Typhoon Rita (Kading)
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Tropical Depression 28 developed October 15. Three and a half days later, it strengthened into a tropical storm. Rita became a typhoon late on October 19. Rita reached Category 5 status on October 23, reaching a minimum central pressure of 878 millibars on October 25, only 8 milibars higher than Typhoon Tip's record set in 1979. After spending over three consecutive days at that intensity, Rita weakened to a Category 4 and smashed ashore on Luzon. Rita stayed a typhoon during its entire passage over the Philippines and emerged into the South China Sea as a minimal typhoon. Rita then decayed slowly and dissipated as a depression near the coast of Vietnam. The typhoon caused considerable damage and loss of life in the Philippines, though exact numbers are unknown.
Tropical Storm Twenty-seven
Tropical Storm 27 was weak and short-lived.
Severe Tropical Storm Tess
A tropical depression developed on October 31. The depression was upgraded to a tropical storm on November 2. Tess continued to intensify and reached its peak intensity as a 70 mph (110 km/h) storm; just short of typhoon status. The storm became extratropical on November 7.
Tropical Depression 30W (Delang)
30W came close to land.
Typhoon Viola (Esang)
Increased convective activity in the monsoon trough was first noticed on satellite data on November 14 about 690 mi (1,110 km) southeast of Truk. On November 16, the disturbance was upgraded to Tropical Depression 33. Based on an improved satellite signature, TD 33 was upgraded to Tropical Storm Viola at 1200 UTC November 17.[7] Viola continued to intensify as the storm moved on a northwestward track.[13] Late on November 19 reconnaissance aircraft confirmed that Viola's surface pressure had fallen to 977 mb; and, that an eye was beginning to form. Early on November 20, Viola was upgraded to a typhoon. Viola then started to rapidly intensify and reached peak intensity on November 21 with winds of 145 mph (233 km/h). Viola recurved away from Luzon on November 22.[7] By the next day, the storm had already weakened to a category 1 and further weakened to a tropical storm. Viola dissipated on November 24.[13]
Severe Tropical Storm Winnie
A tropical depression developed on November 25. It started to intensify while moving on a north-northwestward track. By November 28, it was upgraded to a tropical storm and was named Winnie. On the 29th, Winnie reached its peak intensity as severe tropical storm with (10-min) winds of 65 mph (105 km/h). Winnie became extratropical early on November 30.
Tropical Depression Garding
The last system of the season, Tropical Depression 63W (Garding) was named by PAGASA.
Storm names
During the season 28 named tropical cyclones developed in the Western Pacific and were named by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, when it was determined that they had become tropical storms. These names were contributed to a revised list from late 1950. However the JTWC changed their naming scheme by the next year, now including both female and male names.
| Nadine | Olive | Polly | Rose | Shirley | Trix | Virginia | Wendy | Agnes | Bonnie | Carmen | Della | Elaine | Faye |
| Gloria | Hester | Irma | Judy | Kit | Lola | Mamie | Nina | Ora | Phyllis | Rita | Tess | Viola | Winnie |
One name, Susan, developed over the Central Pacific and was named from this list. The storm never became a part of the West Pacific basin.
Philippines
| Akang | Bising | Klaring | Deling | Emang |
| Gading | Heling | Iliang | Loleng | Miding |
| Norming | Oyang | Pasing | Ruping | Susang |
| Tering | Uding | Weling | Yaning | |
| Auxiliary list | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aning | Bidang | Kading | Delang | Esang |
| Garding | ||||
The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration uses its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones in their area of responsibility. PAGASA assigns names to tropical depressions that form within their area of responsibility and any tropical cyclone that might move into their area of responsibility. Should the list of names for a given year prove to be insufficient, names are taken from an auxiliary list, the first 6 of which are published each year before the season starts. Names not retired from this list will be used again in the 1982 season. This is the same list used for the 1974 season. PAGASA uses its own naming scheme that starts in the Filipino alphabet, with names of Filipino female names ending with "ng" (A, B, K, D, etc.). Names that were not assigned/going to use are marked in gray.
Retirement
Due to extreme damages and death toll caused by Typhoon Rita (Kading), PAGASA retired the name Kading in its auxiliary list. The name replaced was Katring.
Season effects
This table will list all the storms that developed in the northwestern Pacific Ocean west of the International Date Line and north of the equator during 1978. It will include their intensity, duration, name, areas affected, deaths, missing persons (in parentheses), and damage totals. Classification and intensity values will be based on estimations conducted by the JMA. All damage figures will be in 1978 USD. Damages and deaths from a storm will include when the storm was a precursor wave or an extratropical low.
| Name | Dates | Peak intensity | Areas affected | Damage (USD) |
Deaths | Refs | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Category | Wind speed | Pressure | ||||||
| Nadine | January 6 – 13 | Severe tropical storm | 100 km/h (62 mph) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | Marshall Islands | None | None | |
| Olive (Atang) | April 15 – May 1 | Typhoon | 150 km/h (93 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | Palau, Philippines, Taiwan | Unknown | 3 | |
| TD | June 7 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) | Philippines | None | None | |
| TD | June 10 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1008 hPa (29.77 inHg) | Philippines | None | None | |
| TD | June 12 – 13 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) | Philippines | None | None | |
| Polly (Bising) | June 14 – 20 | Tropical storm | 85 km/h (53 mph) | 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) | Ryukyu Islands, Japan | None | None | |
| Rose (Klaring) | June 21 – 25 | Tropical storm | 85 km/h (53 mph) | 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) | Philippines, Taiwan | None | None | |
| Shirley (Deling) | June 28 – July 2 | Tropical storm | 85 km/h (53 mph) | 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) | Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia | Unknown | None | |
| TD | July 7 – 11 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) | Japan | None | None | |
| Trix | July 11 – 24 | Typhoon | 130 km/h (81 mph) | 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) | Ryukyu Islands, China | Unknown | Unknown | |
| TD | July 16 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) | None | None | None | |
| Wendy (Emang) | July 22 – August 3 | Typhoon | 130 km/h (81 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | Ryukyu Islands, Japan | None | None | |
| Virginia | July 22 – August 3 | Typhoon | 150 km/h (93 mph) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | Japan | None | None | |
| Agnes | July 22 – 31 | Severe tropical storm | 100 km/h (62 mph) | 980 hPa (29.09 inHg) | South China | None | 3 | |
| TD | July 31 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) | None | None | None | |
| TD | August 4 – 5 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1002 hPa (29.65 inHg) | Taiwan | None | None | |
| Gading | August 4 – 8 | Tropical depression | 55 km/h (34 mph) | 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) | Taiwan | None | None | |
| Bonnie | August 9 – 13 | Tropical storm | 75 km/h (47 mph) | 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) | South China, Vietnam | None | None | |
| Carmen (Iliang) | August 9 – 20 | Typhoon | 165 km/h (103 mph) | 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) | Ryukyu Islands, East China, Korea | Unknown | None | |
| Della (Heling) | August 9 – 13 | Tropical storm | 85 km/h (53 mph) | 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) | Philippines, Taiwan, China | None | None | |
| Loleng | August 13 – 17 | Tropical depression | 55 km/h (34 mph) | 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) | Philippines, South China | None | None | |
| TD | August 14 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1002 hPa (29.65 inHg) | Taiwan | None | None | |
| 13W | August 18 – 20 | Tropical storm | 75 km/h (47 mph) | 998 hPa (29.47 inHg) | Japan | None | None | |
| TD | August 18 – 19 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) | Palau | None | None | |
| TD | August 20 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1002 hPa (29.65 inHg) | Taiwan | None | None | |
| Elaine (Miding) | August 21 – 29 | Typhoon | 120 km/h (75 mph) | 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) | Philippines, South China | Unknown | Unknown | |
| TD | August 22 – 24 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1008 hPa (29.77 inHg) | Korean Peninsula | None | None | |
| TD | August 26 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1008 hPa (29.77 inHg) | Ryukyu Islands | None | None | |
| Faye | August 27 – September 10 | Typhoon | 165 km/h (103 mph) | 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) | Mariana Islands, Taiwan | None | None | |
| Gloria (Norming) | August 27 – 31 | Tropical storm | 75 km/h (47 mph) | 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) | Ryukyu Islands | None | None | |
| Hester | August 28 – September 1 | Tropical storm | 85 km/h (53 mph) | 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) | Japan | None | None | |
| Oyang | August 29 – 30 | Tropical depression | 45 km/h (28 mph) | Not specified | Philippines | None | None | |
| TD | August 31 – September 2 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1002 hPa (29.59 inHg) | None | None | None | |
| TD | September 2 – 7 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1002 hPa (29.59 inHg) | Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan | None | None | |
| Irma (Ruping) | September 9 – 15 | Typhoon | 120 km/h (75 mph) | 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) | Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, Japan | None | 6 | |
| Pasing | September 9 – 15 | Tropical depression | 55 km/h (34 mph) | 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) | Vietnam | None | None | |
| Judy | September 9 – 17 | Typhoon | 150 km/h (93 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | None | None | None | |
| TD | September 10 – 11 | Tropical depression | 55 km/h (34 mph) | 1006 hPa (29.71 inHg) | Taiwan | None | None | |
| Susang | September 13 – 19 | Tropical depression | 55 km/h (34 mph) | 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) | Palau, Philippines, Vietnam | None | None | |
| TD | September 17 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1008 hPa (29.77 inHg) | Palau | None | None | |
| Kit (Uding) | September 20 – 28 | Severe tropical storm | 95 km/h (59 mph) | 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) | Philippines, South China, Vietnam | Unknown | Unknown | |
| Tering | September 21 – 22 | Tropical depression | 55 km/h (34 mph) | 998 hPa (29.47 inHg) | Philippines | None | None | |
| TD | September 21 − 22 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1008 hPa (29.77 inHg) | Ryukyu Islands | None | None | |
| Lola (Weling) | September 24 – October 5 | Typhoon | 130 km/h (81 mph) | 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) | Philippines, South China | Unknown | Unknown | |
| Mamie | September 30 – October 5 | Typhoon | 130 km/h (81 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | None | None | None | |
| TD | October 5 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) | None | None | None | |
| Nina (Yaning) | October 5 – 17 | Severe tropical storm | 110 km/h (68 mph) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | Philippines, South China, Vietnam | Unknown | 59 | |
| Ora (Aning) | October 8 – 15 | Typhoon | 150 km/h (93 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands | None | None | |
| 25W | October 11 – 14 | Tropical depression | 55 km/h (34 mph) | 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) | None | None | None | |
| 26W (Bidang) | October 11 – 17 | Tropical depression | 55 km/h (34 mph) | 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) | Caroline Islands, Philippines | None | None | |
| Phyllis | October 15 – 23 | Typhoon | 150 km/h (93 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | None | None | None | |
| Rita (Kading) | October 17 – 30 | Typhoon | 220 km/h (140 mph) | 880 hPa (25.98 inHg) | Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Philippines | $100 million | >300 | |
| Twenty-seven | October 29 – November 3 | Tropical storm | 65 km/h (40 mph) | 994 hPa (29.35 inHg) | Philippines, Vietnam | None | None | |
| Tess | October 31 – November 7 | Severe tropical storm | 110 km/h (68 mph) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | Philippines, South China, Vietnam | None | None | |
| TD | November 9 – 11 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1008 hPa (29.77 inHg) | Vietnam | None | None | |
| TD | November 10 – 12 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) | Philippines | None | None | |
| TD | November 15 – 16 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1008 hPa (29.77 inHg) | Vietnam | None | None | |
| 30W (Delang) | November 16 – 20 | Tropical depression | 55 km/h (34 mph) | 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) | Philippines | None | None | |
| Viola (Esang) | November 17 – 24 | Typhoon | 195 km/h (121 mph) | 910 hPa (26.97 inHg) | Caroline Islands | None | None | |
| TD | November 25 – December 1 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) | Malaysia | None | None | |
| Winnie | November 25 – 30 | Severe tropical storm | 100 km/h (62 mph) | 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) | Mariana Islands | None | None | |
| TD | December 4 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1008 hPa (29.77 inHg) | None | None | None | |
| Garding | December 13 – 19 | Tropical depression | 55 km/h (34 mph) | 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) | Philippines | Unknown | None | |
| Season aggregates | ||||||||
| 63 systems | January 6 – December 19, 1978 | 220 km/h (140 mph) | 880 hPa (25.98 inHg) | >$100 million | >371 | |||
See also
- Pacific typhoon season
- 1978 Pacific hurricane season
- 1978 Atlantic hurricane season
- 1978 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
- Australian region cyclone seasons: 1977–78, 1978–79
- South Pacific cyclone seasons: 1977–78, 1978–79
- South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 1977–78, 1978–79
References
External links
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