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香港特別行政區被世界各地簡稱為被稱為香港,中華人民共和國賦予香港特別行政區的地位,在世界地圖中香港處於南海的北面,香港主要分為三個區域,香港島,九龍半島和新界,當中包括擁有超過250個島嶼[1],香港土地的面積只有1114平方公里[2],根據香港特別行政區政府統計處的資料顯示香港的人口大約為740萬[3]香港作為國際金融中心,在教育制度、時尚服裝、金融商業、旅遊發展、大眾運輸的地位非常優秀,引致香港成為一個國際大都會。
香港屬於中華人民共和國的一部份,由於特別行政區框架下賦予香港特殊的地位[4]。引致香港成為一個實行雙軌語言的國家,香港的社會上流行中文和英文兩種語言,香港基本法列明中文和英文均為法定用語,所以便引伸香港擁有兩種官方語言,引致香港政府因此確立兩文三語的語文教育政策。
普通話作為現代標準漢語的表表者,被中華人民共和國定義為國家通用語言[9]。普通話的前身為(國語),在1955年全國文字改革會議上一致同意將名字轉稱為(普通話)
根據中華人民共和國教育部的資料顯示和經過聯合國確認是六種工作語言之一[10],由此證明普通話在世界流通性非常之大,根據2004年的文字使用情況調查結果,可以流暢使用普通話進行交際的人口比例為53.06%,相反能用漢語方言(例如粵語)進行交際比例為86.38%[11]。中國正在經歷經濟起飛的階段,希望爭取加快普通話的流行性,讓更多外國人接觸普通話,導致能夠方便和間接地宣揚中國的偉大歷史和文化,國務院辦公廳中的(有關全面加強新時代語言文字工作的意見)提出主要目標在2025年普通話在全國的普及率需要達到85%[12]。從而令到中華優秀的文化能夠得到渠道宣揚,同時亦解決國民的普通話能力和語言修養。
香港由於鄰近中國大陸,中國大陸的官方語言為普通話,現時香港與內地的商業交往逐漸變得頻繁,越來越多兩地的合作計劃浮現,導致普通話在香港越來越常見,引致香港市民已經廣泛接受普通話為當地的第三種官方語言,可惜有不少市民認為普通話逐漸在香港社會流通會將一半矮化粵語在香港的社會地位,嚴重影響香港原來的文化和歷史,不過近期政府的態度逐漸改變,普通話在全球流通量方面比粵語更加優秀,政府希望維持能夠完美運用兩文三語的工作團隊,保證提供服務時候能夠有效與市民溝通,導致普通話進一步剝削粵語的地位,政府開始視普通話教中文成為一個趨勢,在兩文三語的政策下,學生的普通話能力足以應付學習中文所需的程度,政府認為對學生的學習沒有造成太大的困擾。
基於香港基本法第九條和法定語文條例的規限,中文和英文都是香港的法定語言,兩者擁有同等的地位[13]。現時大部份政府公布的刊物都是採用中英混合的模式,香港政府旗下擁有公務員事務局會在政府的行政會議現場會因應情況提供普通話、英語和廣東話的傳譯服務,過程均為公務員事務局旗下的法定語文事務部提供[14]。同時法定語文條例第三條清楚訂明,政府和公務員與市民之間的法律事務來往都容許以中文和英文兩種香港法定語言來溝通[15]。在法律方面,在律政司眾多部門之中設立雙語法制委員會,雙語法律制度委員會成員包括有律政司、司法機構、教育統籌局、法律援助署、法定語文事務處及法律專業的代表,而雙語法例委員會會委任由律政司出任主席[16]。主要為政府提供雙語化的意見,從而增加雙語在香港的使用和普及率。
由於殖民時期的影響,導致英文在香港擁有無法取替的地位,英語仍然保留強大的形象和經濟作用,並且是香港市民身份的重要部份與中華人民共和國的身份截然不同的對比[18]。
香港在全世界處於獨立和特殊的地位,實行的政策兩文三語的語言政策,兩文三語是香港特別行政區政府在回歸中中華人民國後訂立的語言政策,政府希望兩文三語能夠讓所有香港市民能夠利用中文和英文作書寫用途和有能力以廣東話普通話和英語與外國人進行交流[24]。(兩文)指中文和英文兩種語言,(三語)指粵語、英語和普通話作為日常溝通用語,中國政府沒有規定香港市民在溝通上所需要使用的語言,提供選擇權給香港居民自由選擇利用粵語還是普通話來在為日常言談所用語言,兩文三語的地位得到明確的確立。根據香港政府在2016年中期統計結果顯示,香港的法定語言為中文和英文,政府部門和專業人士之中,英文成為最受廣泛使用的語言,廣東話就成為香港市民的日常生活用語,擁有88.9%市民都採用廣東話,英語佔4.3%,普通話佔比只有1.9%[25]。
教育局強烈建議學校採取不同措施推動兩文三語發展包括[24]
政府為了更好實現兩文三語的語言政策,在推廣計劃中投放大量資金支援計劃,包括在免費教育和日常生活方面。日常生活方面,政府施政方針和公眾能夠接觸的資訊都提供英文和中文的翻譯版本,市民在外出工作時,道路上的指示牌都會提供兩種語言,迎合不同人士的需要。在免費教育方面,香港截止2022年透過公立學校為所有香港出世的兒童提供十二年的免費小學和中學教育讓學童能夠輕鬆運用兩文三語[20]。香港政府更加在1969年10月成立語文教育及研究常務委員會(語常會),目的希望向政府提供語文教育事務的意見[26]。語文教育及研究常務委員會更在2008-2009學年在中、小學推行以普通話作為母語教授中文的計劃, 計劃並且在2013-1014年度完結[23]。由此證明政府有意在兩文三語的基礎下實現普教中的政策。
香港政府近年積極鼓勵以普通話取代廣東話來作認可的教育語言教育學生中國語文科,希望舉動能夠營造優良的普通話學習氛圍和提供課堂愛更多的學習環境[26]。不過粵語在香港擁有不可擊敗的地位,普通話作為國家用語,粵語的地位顯得更加尷尬和無奈,導致香港政府在推廣普教中時遇到不少難關。
The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is simply referred to as Hong Kong by the rest of the world, the status conferred by the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. In the world map, Hong Kong is located in the north of the South China Sea. Hong Kong is mainly divided and separate into three regions, Hong Kong Island, Kowloon Peninsula and the New Territories, including more than 250 islands. The land area of Hong Kong is only 1114 square kilometers. According to the statistics of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government Statistics Department, the population of Hong Kong is about 7.4 million. Very good, it has made Hong Kong a cosmopolitan city.
Hong Kong is part of the People's Republic of China due to the special status granted to Hong Kong under the framework of the Special Administrative Region. As a result, Hong Kong has become a dual-language country. Two languages, Chinese and English, are popular in Hong Kong society. The Basic Law of Hong Kong clearly established Chinese and English are both official languages, so it is extended that Hong Kong has two official languages. Language education policy for trilingualism.
Mandarin, as the representative of modern standard Chinese, is defined as the national standard language by the People's Republic of China[9]. The predecessor of Putonghua was (Mandarin), and it was unanimously agreed to change the name to (Mandarin) at the National Character Reform Conference in 1955.
According to the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chinese is part of the six working languages of the United Nations, which proves that mandarin has great circulation in the world. 53.06% were able to communicate in Chinese dialect, which was 86.38%[11]. China is going through the stage of economic take-off, hoping to speed up the popularity of mandarin and let more foreigners get in touch with mandarin, so that the great history and culture of China can be promoted conveniently and indirectly. Opinions on writing work put forward the main target that the penetration rate of Mandarin in the country needs to reach 85% by 2025[12]. In this way, the excellent Chinese culture can be promoted through channels, and at the same time, it also solves the problem of the people's Mandarin ability and language training.
Due to Hong Kong’s proximity to mainland China, the official language of mainland China is Mandarin. At present, business exchanges between Hong Kong and the mainland are gradually becoming more frequent, and more and more cooperation plans between the two places have emerged. Mandarin is widely accepted as the local third official language. Unfortunately, many citizens believe that the gradual circulation of Mandarin in Hong Kong society will lower the social status of Cantonese in Hong Kong by half, which will seriously affect the original culture and history of Hong Kong. However, the recent attitude of the government Gradually change, Mandarin is better than Cantonese in terms of global circulation. The government hopes to maintain a working team that can perfectly use biliterate and trilingualism to ensure effective communication with citizens when providing services. This has led to further exploitation of Cantonese by Mandarin, and the government has begun to regard Mandarin as Teaching Chinese has become a trend. Under the biliterate and trilingual policy, students' Mandarin proficiency is sufficient to meet the level required for learning Chinese. The government believes that it will not cause too much trouble to students' learning.
Based on the Article 9 of the Hong Kong Basic Law and the Official Languages Ordinance, Government clearly established Chinese and English as the official languages of Hong Kong, and both have the same status[13]. At present, most of the publications published by the government adopt a mixed mode of Chinese and English. The Civil Service Bureau, which is owned by the Hong Kong government, will provide interpretation services in Putonghua, English and Cantonese according to the situation at the government's Executive Council. The process is civil service. Provided by the Official Languages Department under the Bureau[14]. At the same time, Article 3 of the Official Languages Ordinance clearly stipulates that the legal affairs between the government and civil servants and citizens are allowed to communicate in Chinese and English, the two official languages of Hong Kong[15]. In the legal field, a bilingual legal system committee has been established among the various departments of the Department of Justice. The members of the bilingual legal system committee include representatives of the Department of Justice, the Judiciary, the Education and Manpower Bureau, the Legal Aid Department, the Official Languages Office and the legal profession. The committee will appoint the Attorney General as its chairman[16]. The Bilingualism Committee mainly advises the government on bilingualism, thereby increasing the use and penetration of bilingualism in Hong Kong.
Chinese has a gray area in Hong Kong's language policy. The official language of Chinese can be interpreted into Mandarin and Cantonese, which proves that the current status of Hong Kong is related to the colonial history[17]. There are two completely different versions of Chinese in terms of writing, namely Traditional Chinese popular in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau and Simplified Chinese widely used in Mainland China. Simplified Chinese is the official language, but since Guangdong and other regions use Cantonese as their daily language, most Hong Kong residents have acquiesced that traditional Chinese is the Hong Kong government's definition of Chinese.
Due to the influence of the colonial period, English has an irreplaceable status in Hong Kong. English still retains a strong image and economic role, and is an important part of Hong Kong's civic identity and the identity of the People's Republic of China very different contrast [18]. Hong Kong was once influenced by colonial language education, which led to the expansion of English into Hong Kong under the framework of the colonists. English can still be widely used in the current living environment of Hong Kong, such as public transport system, broadcasts, policy addresses and news reports, courts and government Documents will preferably be in English as the original document. It can be seen that the language system of Hong Kong, which was once a British colony, still relies on English. Therefore, the British have far-reaching influence on Hong Kong's education policy. The breadth and fluidity of English helps Hong Kong continue to use English as the official language, and the phenomenon that English is still the main language in the labor market and government work 25 years after the handover has led to Hong Kong being able to become one of the many official languages city of. In terms of working environment, professionals read and write English for a long time due to work relationships, and Cantonese is only used as a secondary language, but spoken English plays a key role, especially in formal occasions[19]. It has become a tacit language between enterprises and the government. At present, most of the government's paperwork is mainly in English. The basic laws and legal documents of the Hong Kong government are all in the English version as the final interpretation. This shows that the colonial government has Hong Kong's language system is influential and continues to influence Hong Kong's language policy 25 years after Hong Kong's handover to China, but this has made Hong Kong's language system complex and controversial after it became a colony.
Hong Kong has an independent and special status in the world. Biliteracy and trilingualism is the language policy established by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region government after its return to the People's Republic of China. The government policy aims that all Hong Kong citizens will be able to speak and write in both Chinese and English, and be able to communicate in Cantonese, Mandarin and English with confidence[24]. (Bilingual) refers to two languages, Chinese and English. (Trilingual) refers to Cantonese, English and Mandarin as the language of daily communication. The Chinese government has not stipulated the language that Hong Kong citizens need to use in communication, and provides the right for Hong Kong residents to choose freely. By using Cantonese or Mandarin as the language used for daily speech, the status of biliterate and trilingual has been clearly established. According to the Hong Kong government's mid-2016 statistics, the official languages of Hong Kong are Chinese and English. Among government departments and professionals, English is the most widely used language, and Cantonese has become the daily language of Hong Kong citizens, with 88.9% % of citizens speak Cantonese, English accounts for 4.3%, and Mandarin accounts for only 1.9%[25].
The Education Bureau strongly recommends that schools take different measures to promote the development of biliterate and trilingualism, including[24]
In order to better realize the language policy of biliterate and trilingualism, the government has invested a lot of capital in the promotion plan, including free education and improvements in social manners. In terms of the improvements in society, the government policies and information accessible to the public are provided in both English and Chinese translations. When citizens go out to work, the signs on the road will be provided in two languages to meet the needs of different people. In terms of free education, by 2022, Hong Kong will provide all Hong Kong-born children with 12 years of free primary and secondary education through public schools, so that students can master biliteracy and trilingualism[20]. The Hong Kong government even set up the Standing Committee on Language Education and Research (SCOLAR) in October 1969, with the aim of providing advice on language education to the government[26]. The Standing Committee on Language Education and Research mechanism have also implemented a plan to teach Chinese with Mandarin in primary and secondary schools in the 2008-2009 school year, and the plan was completed in the 2013-1014 year[23]. This proves that the government intends to implement the policy in general education on the basis of biliterate and trilingualism.
In recent years, the Hong Kong government has actively advocated the replacement of Cantonese with Mandarin as the language for educating students in Chinese language subjects. It is hoped that the move will create a good learning atmosphere for Mandarin and provide a learning environment with more love in the classroom[26]. However, Cantonese has an invincible status in Hong Kong. As the national language, Cantonese is even more embarrassing and helpless, which has led to the Hong Kong government encountering many difficulties in promoting universal education.
First of all, Cantonese, as the daily language of Hong Kong residents, was unable to accept the language policy of switching to Mandarin for Chinese education. According to the survey results of the Standing Committee on Language Education and Research, 40% of the residents self-assessed that they had only average ability in Mandarin, and only 5% of them self-assessed that they had very good Mandarin ability[27]. It can be seen that the realization of Mandarin as a Chinese language subject in education is very big.
Secondly, due to the social movement events in 2019, some parents formed a disgusting image of Mandarin, and it was indirectly labelled. Mandarin was criticized by many parents in the biliterate and trilingual education system in Hong Kong, causing many mainland Chinese citizens to question Hong Kong people. There is a prejudice against the sense of belonging to the country.
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