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Name | Historical region | Present location | Continuously inhabited since |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Byblos | Levant | Lebanon | c. 5000 BC[1] | Settled from the Neolithic (carbon-dating tests have set the age of earliest settlement around 7000 BC[2]), a city since the 3rd millennium BC.[3][1] |
Beirut | Levant | Lebanon | c. 2000 – c. 1800 BC[4][better source needed] | |
Sidon | Levant | Lebanon | 2nd millennium BC | Sidon becomes a city-state during the 2nd millennium BC.[5] |
Zgharta | Levant | Lebanon | 200 BC[6][7] | The Plain of Zgharta around Zgharta was likely inhabited from at least the beginning of the Neolithic Revolution by the Qaraoun culture as evidenced by some large, heavy Neolithic flints and double-headed axes found in the area that are documented by R. Wetzel and J. Haller in 1945.[6][7] |
Name | Historical region | Present location | Continuously inhabited since |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Beirut | Levant | Lebanon | 3000 BC[8] | |
Byblos | Levant | Lebanon | c. 3000 BC[1] | Settled from the Neolithic (carbon-dating tests have set the age of earliest settlement around 7000 BC[9]), a city since the 3rd millennium BC.[10][1] Byblos had a reputation as the "oldest city in the world" in Antiquity (according to Philo of Byblos). |
Tyre | Levant | Lebanon | 2750 BC[11] | |
Sidon | Levant | Lebanon | 2nd millennium BC | Sidon becomes a city-state during the 2nd millennium BC.[12] |
Tripoli | Levant | Lebanon | c. 1400 BC | |
Batroun | Levant | Lebanon | c. 1400 BC | The Phoenicians founded Batroun on the southern side of the promontory called in Antiquity, Theoprosopon and during the Byzantine Empire, Cape Lithoprosopon. Batroun is said to have been founded by Ithobaal I (Ethbaal), king of Tyre, whose daughter Jezabel (897–866 B.C.) married Ahab.[13] |
Zgharta | Levant | Lebanon | 200 BC[6][7] | The Plain of Zgharta around Zgharta was likely inhabited from at least the beginning of the Neolithic Revolution by the Qaraoun culture as evidenced by some large, heavy Neolithic flints and double-headed axes found in the area that are documented by R. Wetzel and J. Haller in 1945.[6][7] |
It is reported that one of the Three Pashas, Enver Pasha, publicly declared on 19 May 1916 "The Ottoman Empire should be cleaned up of the Armenians and the Lebanese. We have destroyed the former by the sword, we shall destroy the latter through starvation."[14][15] However, this claim has been contested as being apocryphal by historians such as Graham Auman Pitts.
The Lebanese Labbadeh goes back to Phoenician times. Statuettes assumed to be votive offerings have been found scattered across the Levant with the most numerous amount found in ancient Phoenician temples in Byblos where they have since been dubbed the Byblos figurines.
According to the Lebanese archaeologist Maurice Chehab "a good number of statuettes, placed in these vases, are depicted in full motion and wearing the lebbadé or conical cap, which is still in use in certain regions of Lebanese high mountain. This headdress was held on the head by a chinstrap. One of the ex-votos included several dozen of these statuettes so similar that one can imagine that they represented a troop that would have offered their sponsors [effigies] to the temple before embarking."[16]
The use of the labbadeh for practical purposes began to decline around the mid-20th century.[17] However, the headdress is experiencing a revival movement notably in the village of Hrajel where a workshop has been opened by local farmer Youssef Akiki with the intent of preserving the tradition and knowledge of the labbadeh.[18]
The origin of kibbeh nayyeh goes back to the late 13th-century. In 1283 the Mamluk Sultanate invaded the Maronite region of Jebbet Bsharri (modern day Bsharri and Zgharta districts in North Lebanon) razing many villages and slaughtering or taking captive their inhabitants. When the Mamluks reached the village of Hadath El Jebbeh its inhabitants fled and took refuge in the 'Asi-al-Hadath grotto. The Mamluks then built a watchtower at the entrance of the grotto to monitor the Maronites. As a result of this many Maronites starved to death in the grotto. To avoid revealing their location to the Mamluks the Maronites started to eat raw meat, mixed with bulgur pounded in a stone mortar, in order to survive as cooking the meat would alert the Mamluks from the smoke of the fire. The siege ended after seven years when the Mamluks discovered the canal which fed water to the grotto by making their horses thristy to discover the canal which they subsequently cut off from the grotto. This forced the Maronites to leave the grotto from lack of water which led to the slaughtering of the men with the women being taken into captivity and the village of Hadath El Jebbeh being burnt to the ground. The tradition of kibbeh nayyeh was preserved and passed into present times as a reminder of the oppression and injustice that the Maronites went through.[19][20]
ܡܖ̈ܘܢܝܐ | |
---|---|
Total population | |
c. 7–12 million[21][22][23][24][25][26] center|frameless|250px | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Lebanon 1.6 million[27] | |
Brazil | 3–4 million (incl. ancestry)[28][29] |
United States | 1.2 million (incl. ancestry)[28] |
Argentina | 750,000[27] |
Mexico | 167,190[27] |
Australia | 161,370[27] |
Canada | 94,300[27] |
Syria | 50,000–60,000[27] |
France | 51,520[27] |
Venezuela | 25,000[30] |
South Africa | 20,000[31] |
Cyprus | 13,170[27] |
Israel and Palestine | 10,504[27] |
Egypt | 6,350[nb 1][27] |
Nigeria | 5,850[32] |
Germany | 5,400[30] |
UK | 5,300[30] |
Belgium | 3,400[30] |
Côte d'Ivoire | 2,250–3,000[32] |
Italy | 2,500[30] |
Sweden | 2,470[30] |
Switzerland | 2,000[30] |
Jordan | 1,000–1,500[27] |
Languages | |
Syriac (Liturgical)[36] Western Aramaic (Historical and native)[37] | |
Religion | |
Maronite Catholicism | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Antiochian Greek Christians,[38] Druze,[38] Jews,[nb 2][38], Greek Cypriots,[38] Armenians,[39] |
1. Brazil: 5-7 mil 2. Argentina: 750,000-1 mil 3. USA: 71,419-268,649 4. Mexico: 167,190 5. Australia: 161,370 6. Canada: 94,300 7. Syria: 60,000-70,000 (RECHECK) 8. France: 51,520 9. Venezuela: 25,000 10. South Africa: 20,000 11. Cyprus: 13,170 12. Israel/Palestine: 10,504 13. Egypt 6,350 14. Nigeria: 5850 15. Germany: 5,400 16. UK: 5,300 17. Belgium: 3,400 18. Italy: 2,500 19. Sweden: 2,470 20. Switzerland: 2,000 Cont. 21. Jordan: 1000-1500
||Maronite flag||Maronites||Asia, West||Indo-European, Romance, Venetian||18th Century; 1918;||The first recorded use of the Lion of St. Mark on a red field by the Venetians dates back to the late thirteenth century, with Genoese archivist Jacopo da Varazze having made reference to the Lion of St. Mark as the official symbol for Venice.
https://www.the961.com/historical-phoenicians/ https://archive.org/details/presocraticphilo033229mbp/page/75/mode/1up
Dow v. United States https://cite.case.law/f/226/145/ https://www.casemine.com/judgement/us/5914a246add7b04934695ba9
https://www.olol.org.au/saints/149-saint-chayna-september-15
User:Red Phoenician/Isaac of El-Qalali
User:Red Phoenician/Lebanese States
User:Red Phoenician/Maronite diaspora
User:Red Phoenician/Double Qaimaqamate
User:Red_Phoenician/Mount Lebanon (1918-1920)
User:Red_Phoenician/Tur_Lebnon
User:Red Phoenician/Mnesarchus of Tyre
Beth Maroun/Maroon
Young Phoenicians
Phoenician architecture
Cataphronius of Byblos
the Church of the Resurrection Beirut
According to local tradition the name originates in honor of the Mardaite Prince Kisra (Arabic: كسرى)[nb 3], who won decisive battles against the Umayyad Caliphate invasion of Mount Lebanon in the late 7th century.[41][42][43][44]
Shukri El Khoury
Prince Ibrahim
Damian of Tyre
Maymun the Mardaite
Nakbat Kisrwan
Its present Arabic name Jubayl (جبيل) or J(e)beil is a direct descendant of these earlier names, although apparently modified by a misunderstanding of the name as the triliteral root gbl or jbl, meaning "mountain".
Under the Phoenicians, the name Athar was used to refer to Tripoli.[5] When the Ancient Greeks settled in the city they called it Τρίπολις (Tripolis), meaning "three cities," influenced by the earlier phonetically similar but etymologically unrelated name Derbly.[6]
Ma'nid Emirs:
Shihabi Emirs:
Name | Reign | Confession / Religion | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Qurqumaz I | 1517- | Garabet Artin Davoudian | Armenian Catholic | Ottoman Armenian from Istanbul |
1868–1873 | Franko Pasha | Nasri Franco Coussa | Greek Catholic (Melkite) | Syrian from Aleppo |
1873–1883 | Rüstem Pasha | Rüstem Mariani | Roman Catholic | Italian from Florence, naturalized Ottoman citizen |
1883–1892 | Wassa Pasha | Vaso Pashë Shkodrani | Albanian Catholic | Albanian from Shkodër |
1892–1902 | Naoum Pasha | Naum Coussa | Greek Catholic (Melkite) | Syrian, stepson of second mutassarrif Nasri Franco Coussa (Franko Pasha) |
1902–1907 | Muzaffer Pasha | Ladislas Czaykowski | Roman Catholic | Polish |
1907–1912 | Yusuf Pasha | Youssef Coussa | Greek Catholic (Melkite) | Syrian, son of second mutassarrif Nasri Franco Coussa (Franko Pasha) |
1912–1915 | Ohannes Pasha | Ohannes Kouyoumdjian | Armenian Catholic | Ottoman Armenian |
The Maronite Church (Arabic: الكنيسة المارونية, romanized: al-Kanīsa l-Mārūniyya) is officially known as the Antiochene Syriac Maronite Church (Latin: Ecclesia Syrorum Maronitarum; Classical Syriac: ܥܺܕܬܳܐ ܣܽܘܪܝܳܝܬܳܐ ܡܳܪܽܘܢܳܝܬܳܐ ܕܐܰܢܛܺܝܳܘܟܝܰܐ, romanized: ʿĪḏto Suryoyṯo Morunoyṯo d'Anṭiokia;[citation needed] Arabic: الكنيسة الأنطاكية السريانية المارونية, romanized: al-Kanīsa l-Anṭākiyya s-Suryāniyya l-Mārūniyya).[45]
During the start of the patriarchs' period, the persecution of Christians and Arabization of the region, including the destruction of the Monastery of Saint Maron, led the majority of the Maronites to move to the barren mountains of Lebanon, especially the northern territory. They established a closed, rural, hierarchical society; reestablished communication with the Papacy during the Crusades; maintained Syriac language up to the 18th century, [citation needed] but eventually and shifted to Lebanese Arabic as their native language. They issued many liturgical reforms,[vague] most notably during Qannoubin's council of 1580, and the Lebanese council of 1736 – which seems in many parts to be a Latinization- gained protection from the Monarchy of France for the church and its community. They organized the monastery in 1696. They played an influential role in Lebanon's political scene especially after 1770, when the Chehab dynasty joined the Maronite Church. That choice was an essential element of the creation of Greater Lebanon in 1920, seen widely by scholars as fulfillment of the Maronites' desire. However, due to mass emigration and eventually the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990), the Maronite role in the Second Lebanese Republic declined.
Through him, later Maronites claimed full apostolic succession through the Patriarchal See of Antioch. While this installation of a patriarch was seen as a usurpation by the Orthodox hierarchy, John received the approval of Pope Sergius I, and became the first Maronite Patriarch of the oldest see in Christianity.
The Maronites struggled to retain their autonomy against both imperial power and Arab incursions on the part of the Damascus Caliphate.
The Maronites experienced an improvement in their relationship with the Byzantine Empire. Emperor Constantine IV (reigned 668–685) provided direct ecclesiastical, political and military support to the Maronites. The new alliance coordinated devastating raids on Muslim forces, providing a welcome relief to besieged Christians throughout the Middle East.
During this period the region was dominated by the Abbasids, who persecuted the Maronites. Around AD 1017, a new Muslim sect, the Druze, emerged. At that time the Maronites, as dhimmis, were required to wear black robes and black turbans and they were forbidden to ride horses.
In 1610, the Maronite monks of the Monastery of Saint Anthony of Qozhaya imported one of the first printing presses in the Arabic-speaking world; however, that press printed in the Syriac language, not Arabic. The monasteries of Lebanon later became key players in the Arabic Renaissance of the late 19th century as a result of developing Arabic, as well as Syriac, printable script.
Bachir Chehab II was the first and last Maronite ruler of the Emirate of Mount Lebanon.[46] A convert from Sunni Islam, his rivalry with the Druze leader Bashir Jumblatt caused tension between the two communities. In the 1822 war between Damascus and Acre, they backed opposite sides.
In the spring of 1860, war broke out between the Druze population and the Maronite Christians. The Ottoman authorities in Lebanon could not stop the violence and it spread into neighboring Syria, with the massacre of many Christians.[vague] In Damascus, the Emir Abd-el-Kadr protected the Christians there against the Muslim rioters.
French emperor Napoleon III felt obliged to intervene on behalf of the Christians, despite London's opposition, which feared it would lead to a wider French presence in the Middle East. After arduous negotiations to obtain the approval of the British government, Napoleon III sent a French contingent of seven thousand men for a period of six months. The troops arrived in Beirut in August 1860 and took positions in the mountains between the Christian and Muslim communities. He then organized an international conference in Paris, where the country was placed under the rule of a Christian governor named by the Ottoman Sultan, which restored a fragile peace.[citation needed]
Education was declared a major task. Through the joint efforts of the Church and French Jesuits, literacy became widespread.
The Maronite Patriarch of Antioch and the Whole Levant since March 2011 is Bechara Boutros Rahi. When a new Patriarch is elected and enthroned, he requests ecclesiastical recognition by the Pope, thus maintaining communion with the Holy See. As an Eastern Catholic Patriarch, the Patriarch is usually created a Cardinal by the Pope in the rank of a Cardinal Bishop; he does however not receive a suburbicarian see (required to become Dean), even ranks below those six, but is known by the title of the patriarchate of his sui iuris Church.
Despite the many archiepiscopates, none is a Metropolitan abstraction made of the Patriarch of Antioch, who has a single Suffragan (Jebbeh–Sarba–Jounieh) and hence an ecclesiastical province. In Latin America, two Maronite eparchies are suffragans of Latin metropolitans.
famous for its preservation attempts of the Aramaic language and Aramean ethnic identity.
The two eparchies in the United States have issued their own "Maronite Census," designed to estimate the population of Maronites in the United States. Many have been assimilated into Western Catholicism absent Maronite parishes or priests. The "Maronite Census" was designed to locate these Maronites.
The history of the Lebanese community in South Africa dates to the late 19th century, when the first immigrants arrived in Johannesburg, the biggest city in the Transvaal, having come from Sebhel, Mesyara, Becharre, Hadath El Jebbeh, Maghdouché and other places. It is recorded[by whom?] that in 1896, the first Maronite and Lebanese immigrants arrived in Durban, Cape Town, and Mozambique, and congregated around their local Catholic churches.
The Maronites (Arabic: الموارنة; Syriac: ܡܖ̈ܘܢܝܐ) are an ethnoreligious Christian group[47][48][49][50][51] native to the Levant region of the Middle East, whose members adhere to the Syriac Maronite Church.
Test[53]
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