User:Amirhosein Izadi/sandbox3
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Gilan War (Persian: جنگ گیلان) was a major armed war that lasted for almost fourteen years from 1907 to 1921. The scope of this war was limited to Gilan province in northern Iran and sometimes around it. It was in the beginning of the war in 1907 that the people of Guilan, especially Rasht, secretly smuggled weapons to support the constitutionalists of other cities.[3] But the first military conflict in 1909 was when the Mujahideen of Guilan, led by Sardar Mohya and Yeperm Khan, attacked the palace of Mohammed Ali Sardar Afkham, killing Sardar Afkham and his guests and seizing control of Rasht.[4] However, the same year, a dispute broke out between Sardar Mohya and Yeperm Khan, which led to a month-long street fight in Rasht and the imminent executions of Yeprem Khan's forces.[5] In late 1909, the Mujahideen seized all of Gilan and joined the rest of the Constitutionalists.
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Gilan War | |||||||
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Part of Persian Constitutional Revolution and Persian Campaign | |||||||
![]() A mass photo of forest movement leaders in the first period | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
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Mujahideen 1914–1919: Jungle revolutionaries 1919–1920: ![]() Communist Party of Persia Supported by:
1921: Gilak Peasants' Revolt | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
1907–1909: Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar Vladimir Liakhov Mohammed Ali Sardar Afkham †(1907–1909) Ilya Paskevich(1909) Rahimkhan Chalabianloo †(1909) 1910–1911: Ilya Paskevich Abdol Majid Mirza Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma 1911–1913: Nikolay Vadbolsky Shoja' Nezam Marandi Samad Shuja al-Dawlah 1914–1921: Reza Khan Nikolai Baratov Lazar Bicherakhov Lionel Dunsterville Vossug ed Dowleh Vsevolod Starosselsky |
1907–1909: Sardar Mohya Yeprem Khan(1909) Mirza Rostam Bey † 1910–1911: Sardar Mohya Mirza Karim Khan Rashti Iqbal-ol-Saltaneh Makui 1911–1913: Iqbal-ol-Saltaneh Makui ![]() Sardar Mohya ![]() Mirza Karim Khan Rashti 1914–1920: Mirza Kuchik Khan † Ehsanollah Khan Dustdar Heshmat Taleqani † Haydar Khan Amo-oghli †(1920) 1921: Mashti Peveri | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
![]() 2,000 – 2500 | Revolutionary forces: 2000 – 2500 | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
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523 Armenian killed [2] 2000-3000 Gilaks killed (civilian and military) [2] |
In 1911, the Iqbal-ol-Saltaneh Makui, whit From Makoyian dynasty and self-styled ruler of Maku, was ousted by the constitution.[6][7] He came to Rasht and, with Sardar Mohya, tried to revive his kingdom, which turned into a war that lasted two years.[8] Eventually Iqbal al-Saltanah and his companions were arrested and executed in Masuleh. The ideas of Iqbal al-Saltanah's separation and his dream of forming a Ispahbads of Gilan government were the effects of Gilan nationalism in the 1880s.[9][10]
One year after the execution of Iqbal-ol-Saltaneh, one of his contemporaries, Mirza Kochik Khan, in Lowshan, rebelled against the central government.[11] Mirza Kochik Khan's uprising coincided with World War I, when Russia and Britain invaded Iran from the north and south without permission from the central government, and the Ottomans were looting Iranian cities from the west.[12] Mirza Kochik Khan resisted the Russian army and defeated the Russians in the battle of Maklavan.[13] Mirza Kochik Khan's goal at the start of the Jungle movement was to "expel foreign forces, eliminate injustice, fight authoritarianism and despotism and establish a popular state."[14] The first period of the forest movement ends with the death of key leaders such as Heshmat Taleqani, but in 1919 Mirza Kochik Khan prepares himself for another war.[15][16]
With the beginning of the second period of the forest movement, the most violent period of the Gilan war begins.[17] By the time the second period of the forest movement began, the Bolsheviks had come to power in Russia. People such as Ehsanollah Khan Dustdar and Haydar Khan Amo-oghli, who were influenced by the Russian Revolution, joined Mirza Kochik Khan.[18] The forest movement, originally intended to liberate Iran from the grip of foreign governments, was now becoming another Marxist-Leninist revolution.[19] Mirza Kochik Khan forms the Persian Socialist Soviet Republic after the conquest of Rasht. Trotsky in a Telegraph congratulates the formation of this republic personally.[20] Mirza Kochik Khan sends several delegates to Moscow. In 1920, Reza Khan, Sardar Sepah, invades Rasht to end the revolution. Mirza Kochik Khan and his forces flee Rasht to reclaim Rasht at the right time. But eventually, with the assassination of Amo-oghli, Mirza Kochik Khan's forces are dispersed, and Mirza Kochik Khan himself escapes to the Talesh Mountains, but eventually dies on 2 December 1921 in the snow and snow of Talash Mountains.[21][22] With the death of Mirza Kochik Khan, the forest movement collapses.
After the defeat of the forest movement, the Gilan war officially ended and for a short time there was a small uprising in Gilan's place for Mirza Kochik Khan's revenge. This The Great War is often cited as one of the most important political events of the late Qajar era.[23][24] In this war, one third of the population of Gilan died or were displaced.[25][26] The Gilan war was the first serious move against the monarchy in Iran.[27] The Gilan war also paved the way for other uprisings, such as the uprising of Mohammad Khiabani.[28]