User:Mr. Ibrahem/Modafinil
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Modafinil, sold under the brand name Provigil among others, is a medication to treat sleepiness due to narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder, or obstructive sleep apnea.[2][6] While it has seen off-label use as a purported cognitive enhancer, the research on its effectiveness for this use is not conclusive.[7][8] It is taken by mouth.[2]
Clinical data | |
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Trade names | Provigil, Alertec, Modavigil, others |
Other names | CRL-40476; Diphenylmethylsulfinylacetamide |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a602016 |
License data | |
Pregnancy category |
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Dependence liability | Relatively low |
Addiction liability | Very low to low[1] |
Routes of administration | By mouth (tablets)[2] |
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Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | Not determined due to the aqueous insolubility |
Protein binding | 62.3% |
Metabolism | Hepatic (primarily via amide hydrolysis;[3] CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, CYP3A5 involved [4] |
Elimination half-life | 15 hours (R-enantiomer), 4 hours (S-enantiomer)[5] |
Excretion | Urine (80%) |
Identifiers | |
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Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C15H15NO2S |
Molar mass | 273.35 g·mol−1 |
3D model (JSmol) | |
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Common side effects include headache, anxiety, trouble sleeping, and nausea.[2] Serious side effects may include allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, misuse, and hallucinations.[2] It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe.[2] The amount of medication used may need to be adjusted in those with kidney or liver problems.[2] It is not recommended in those with an arrhythmia, significant hypertension, or left ventricular hypertrophy.[9] How it works is not entirely clear.[2] One possibility is that it may affect the areas of the brain involved with the sleep cycle.[2]
Modafinil was approved for medical use in the United States in 1998.[6] In the United States it is classified as a schedule IV controlled substance.[2] In the United Kingdom it is a prescription only medication.[9] It is available as a generic medication.[9] In the United Kingdom it costs the NHS about £105.21 a month as of 2018.[9] In the United States the wholesale cost per month is about US$34.20 as of 2018.[10] In 2017, it was the 328th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 900 thousand prescriptions.[11]