User:Mr. Ibrahem/Mumps
Medical condition / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mumps is a viral disease caused by the mumps virus.[3] Initial signs and symptoms often include fever, muscle pain, headache, poor appetite, and feeling generally unwell.[1][7] This is then usually followed by painful swelling of one or both parotid salivary glands.[5][7] Symptoms typically occur 16 to 18 days after exposure and resolve after seven to 10 days.[1][2] Symptoms are often more severe in adults than in children.[1] About a third of people have mild or no symptoms.[1] Complications may include meningitis (15%), pancreatitis (4%), inflammation of the heart, permanent deafness, and testicular inflammation, which uncommonly results in infertility.[1][7] Women may develop ovarian swelling, but this does not increase the risk of infertility.[5]
Mumps | |
---|---|
Other names | Epidemic parotitis |
Child with mumps | |
Specialty | Infectious disease |
Symptoms | Fever, muscle pain, headache, feeling generally unwell, painful swelling of the parotid gland[1] |
Complications | Meningitis, pancreatitis, deafness, infertility (males)[1] |
Usual onset | ~17 days after exposure[1][2] |
Duration | 7–10 days[1][2] |
Causes | Mumps virus[3] |
Diagnostic method | Viral culture, antibodies in the blood[2] |
Prevention | Mumps vaccine[1] |
Treatment | Supportive[4] |
Medication | Pain medication, intravenous immunoglobulin[5] |
Prognosis | 1 in 10,000 die[1] |
Frequency | More common in the developing world[6] |
It is highly contagious and spreads rapidly among people living in close quarters.[8] The virus is transmitted by respiratory droplets or direct contact with an infected person.[2] Only humans get and spread the disease.[1] People are infectious from about seven days before onset of parotid inflammation to about 8 days after.[9] Once an infection has run its course, a person is typically immune for life.[1] Reinfection is possible, but the ensuing infection tends to be mild.[10] Diagnosis is usually suspected due to parotid swelling and can be confirmed by isolating the virus on a swab of the parotid duct.[2] Testing for IgM antibodies in the blood is simple and may be useful; however, it can be falsely negative in those who have been immunized.[2]
Mumps is preventable by two doses of the mumps vaccine.[1] Most of the developed world includes it in their immunization programs, often in combination with measles, rubella, and varicella vaccine.[1] Countries that have low immunization rates may see an increase in cases among older age groups and thus worse outcomes.[5] No specific treatment is known.[1] Efforts involve controlling symptoms with pain medication such as paracetamol (acetaminophen).[5] Intravenous immunoglobulin may be useful in certain complications.[5] Hospitalization may be required if meningitis or pancreatitis develops.[8][10] About one in 10,000 people who are infected die.[1]
Without immunization, about 0.1 to 1.0% of the population is affected per year.[1] Widespread vaccination has resulted in a more than 90% decline in rates of disease.[11] Mumps is more common in the developing world, where vaccination is less common.[6] Outbreaks, however, may still occur in a vaccinated population.[5] Before the introduction of a vaccine, mumps was a common childhood disease worldwide.[1] Larger outbreaks of disease typically occurred every two to five years.[1] Children between the ages of five and nine were most commonly affected.[12] Among immunized populations, those in their early 20s often are affected.[5] Around the equator, it often occurs all year round, while in the more northerly and southerly regions of the world, it is more common in the winter and spring.[1] Painful swelling of the parotid glands and testicles was described by Hippocrates in the fifth century BCE.[2][13]