User:Mr. Ibrahem/Squamous cell skin cancer
Medical condition / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Squamous-cell skin cancer (SCC), is a type of skin cancer that typically presents as a hard, rough, scaly topped lesion, which may ulcerate.[1] Onset is often over months.[4] SSC is more likely to spread to distant areas than basal cell cancer.[10] When confined to the outermost layer of the skin, a precancerous or in situ form of SCC is known as Bowen's disease.[1]
Squamous cell skin cancer | |
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Other names | Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), epidermoid carcinoma, squamous cell epithelioma |
SCC of the skin tends to arise from pre-malignant lesions, actinic keratoses; surface is usually scaly and often ulcerates (as shown here). | |
Specialty | Dermatology, plastic surgery, otorhinolaryngology |
Symptoms | Hard lump with a scaly top, ulceration[1] |
Complications | {Metastasis |
Risk factors | Ultraviolet radiation, actinic keratosis, lighter skin, arsenic exposure, radiation therapy, poor immune system function, HPV infection[1] |
Diagnostic method | Tissue biopsy[2][3] |
Differential diagnosis | Keratoacanthoma, actinic keratosis, melanoma, warts, basal cell cancer[4] |
Prevention | Decreased UV radiation exposure, sunscreen[5][6] |
Treatment | Surgical removal, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy[2][7] |
Prognosis | Usually good[5] |
Frequency | 2.2 million (2015)[8] |
Deaths | 51,900 (2015)[9] |
The greatest risk factor is high total exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.[1] Other risks include prior scars, chronic wounds, actinic keratosis, lighter skin, Bowen's disease, arsenic exposure, radiation therapy, poor immune system function, previous basal cell carcinoma, and HPV infection.[2][11] Risk from UV radiation is related to total exposure, rather than early exposure.[12] Tanning beds are becoming another common source of ultraviolet radiation.[12] It begins from squamous cells found within the skin.[13] Diagnosis is often based on skin examination and confirmed by tissue biopsy.[2][3] Other common skin cancers include basal cell cancer, and melanoma.[14]
Decreasing exposure to ultraviolet radiation and the use of sunscreen appear to be effective methods of preventing squamous-cell skin cancer.[5][6] Treatment is typically by surgical removal.[2] This can be by simple excision if the cancer is small otherwise Mohs surgery is generally recommended.[2] Other options may include application of cold and radiation therapy.[7] In the cases in which distant spread has occurred chemotherapy or biologic therapy may be used.[7]
As of 2015, about 2.2 million people have SCC at any given time.[8] It makes up about 20% of all skin cancer cases.[15] About 12% of males and 7% of females in the United States developed SCC at some point in time.[2] While prognosis is usually good, if distant spread occurs five-year survival is ~34%.[4][5] In 2015 it resulted in about 51,900 deaths globally.[9] The usual age at diagnosis is around 66.[4] Following the successful treatment of one case of SCC people are at high risk of developing further cases.[2]