User:Tony24644/First government of Ramón Castilla
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The first constitutional government of Ramón Castilla in Peru began on April 20, 1845 and ended on April 20, 1851. With this government the stage of Peruvian republican history that the historian Jorge Basadre has called "the republican apogee", which would extend until the mid-1860s. It was also the first republican government of Peru that completed its period established constitutional.
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During the six years that would be his first government, Castilla organized the country and carried out many works in all fields, with the support of the income produced by the Guanera wealth, whose income from of 1849 represented a predominant item in the fiscal coffers.
On the economic level, the financial order began with the implementation of the budgetary regime, as well as the payment of internal and external debts. The payment of the internal debt, known as Consolidation, would lead to the next government's first case of mega corruption in Peruvian history. The payment of the external debt, contracted since the beginning of the Republic mainly with England, the former Gran Colombia and Chile, was concluded in the following government and helped to cement international confidence in the country.
On the internal political level, Castile promoted national reconciliation after a long period of wars and revolutions, and strove to create a unity government, calling on its political rivals to collaborate with its government. Among them were the writer Felipe Pardo y Aliaga and the general José Rufino Echenique. There were no major rebellions or coup attempts, with the exception of the one carried out by General José Félix Iguaín [es]. At the end of his government, he did not try to extend his power and called the Peruvian presidential election of 1851 [es], which was the first true electoral process of the Republic, after almost 30 years after it began.
At the international level, the diplomatic and consular corps of the Republic was organized, it condemned all interventionism of the European powers in America and the first American Congress of diplomatic representatives of the continent met in Lima, thus resuming the Pan-Americanism advocated by Bolívar. He denounced the United Kingdom of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia organized from Europe by Juan José Flores to establish a monarchy in South America headed by a Bourbon prince, a complaint that contributed to its dismantling. With Bolivia, then governed by José Ballivián, a personal enemy of Castile, there were economic disputes and a threat of war in 1847, but finally a commercial treaty was signed that momentarily calmed things down.
In defense, the Army was modernized: percussion rifles were acquired (replacing the old flintlock rifles), larger caliber cannons and new naval units, and the Bellavista Naval Factory [es] was founded. As an example of the naval power achieved, in 1848 the government sent the brig Bergantín Gamarra [es], to the coast of San Francisco, California, to protect the Peruvian immigrants attracted by the California Gold Rush. It also began with the development of the Amazon, a territory that had been very neglected since colonial times.
At the educational level, the first Regulation of Public Instruction in the republican history of Peru was issued, schools were founded and existing ones were improved, and a boom in higher education began, represented by the Convictorio de San Carlos, the College of Our Lady of Guadalupe, the National University of San Marcos. and the Seminario de Lima.
Peru then entered a period of peace and internal progress, as well as power and international prestige, which was reflected in its material and intellectual development. It was in this period that the railway from Lima to Callao was built, which was the first railway in Peru and in South America; the first power loom and the first paper mill were adopted; gas lighting was implemented; The construction of the Lima Central Market began, replacing the antiquated and unhealthy markets of the colonial era; and by private initiative, factories were founded to supply the national market with fabrics and other minor industries, such as candles, glass and matches. Numerous public works were also carried out in the interior of the country and in the main ports.
On the intellectual level, the ideological debates between the liberal Colegio Guadalupe and the conservative Convictorio de San Carlos, which moved to Congress, stood out. highlighting many speakers who thus enriched the political debate. The debates on the indigenous vote and the election of bishops stood out.