1450s

The 1450s decade ran from January 1, 1450, to December 31, 1459.

1450

January–December

February 7 – John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk, marries Lady Margaret Beaufort.^[1]
February 26 – Francesco Sforza enters Milan after a siege, becoming Duke of the city-state, and founding a dynasty that will rule Milan for a century.
March – French troops under Guy de Richemont besiege the English commander in France, Edmund Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, in Caen.
April 15 – Battle of Formigny: French troops under the Comte de Clermont defeat an English army under Sir Thomas Kyriel and Sir Matthew Gough, which was attempting to relieve Caen.
May 8 – Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen revolt against King Henry VI of England.
May 9 – Abdal-Latif Mirza, a Timurid dynasty monarch, is assassinated.
May 13 – Charles VIII of Sweden, also serving as Carl I of Norway, is declared deposed from the latter throne, in favor of Christian I of Denmark.
June 18 – Battle of Solefields (Sevenoaks): Jack Cade's rebels are driven from London by loyal troops.
July 6 – Caen surrenders to the French.
July 12 – Jack Cade is slain in a skirmish.
August 12 – Cherbourg, the last English territory in Normandy, surrenders to the French.
October 5 – Jews are expelled from Lower Bavaria, by order of Duke Ludwig IX.
November 3 – The University of Barcelona is founded.
November 23 – First Siege of Krujë: Albanian troops are victorious, forcing an Ottoman army of approximately 100,000 men to retreat from Albania.

Date unknown

Machu Picchu (Quechua: Machu Pikchu, "Old mountain"), a pre-Columbian Inca site located 2,400 meters (7,875 ft) above sea level, is believed to be under construction.^[2]
A religious sacrifice of over a hundred children is performed around this time, outside of the ancient city of Chan Chan (near modern Trujillo), on the north coast of Peru.^[3]^[4]
Johannes Gutenberg has set up his movable type printing press, as a commercial operation in Mainz, by this date.^[5]

1450

February 12 – Yejong of Joseon, Joseon King (d. 1469)
May 18 – Piero Soderini, Florentine statesman (d. 1513)
June 22 – Eleanor of Naples, Duchess of Ferrara (d. 1493)
July 25 – Jakob Wimpfeling, Renaissance humanist (d. 1528)
August 18 – Marko Marulić, Croatian poet (d. 1524)
September 25 – Ursula of Brandenburg, Duchess of Münsterberg-Oels and Countess of Glatz (d. 1508)
November 12 – Jacques of Savoy, Count of Romont, Prince of Savoy (d. 1486)
date unknown
- William Catesby, English politician (d. 1485)
- Bartolomeo Montagna, Italian painter (d. 1523)
- Heinrich Isaak, German-Dutch composer (d. 1517)
- John Cabot, English explorer (d. 1499)
probable
- Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād, Persian leader of the Herat school
- Hieronymus Bosch, Dutch painter (d. 1516)
- Gaspar Corte-Real, Portuguese explorer (d. 1501)
- Juan de la Cosa, Spanish navigator and cartographer (d. 1510)
- Josquin des Prez, Dutch composer (d. 1521)
- Heinrich Isaac, Franco-Flemish composer (d. 1517)
- Hugh Oldham, Bishop of Exeter (d. 1519)
- Pietro Antonio Solari, Italian architect (d. 1493)
- Petrus Thaborita, Dutch historian and monk (d. 1527)
- Nyai Gede Pinateh, Javanese merchant (d. 1500)

1451

January 14 – Franchinus Gaffurius, Italian composer (d. 1522)
January 29 – John, Prince of Portugal, Prince of Portugal (d. 1451)
February 17 – Raffaello Maffei, Italian theologian (d. 1522)
March 5 – William Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, English earl (d. 1491)
March 9 – Amerigo Vespucci, Italian explorer (d. 1512)^[33]
April 22 – Queen Isabella I of Castile, Castillian queen regnant and first queen of a united Spain (by marriage to Ferdinand of Aragon) (d. 1504)^[34]
May 2 – René II, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1508)
May 17 – Engelbert II of Nassau, Count of Nassau-Vianden and Lord of Breda (1475–1504) (d. 1504)
June 1 – Giles Daubeney, 1st Baron Daubeney (d. 1508)
July 10 – James III of Scotland (d. 1488)^[35]
September 5 – Isabel Neville, Duchess of Clarence, elder daughter of Richard Neville (d. 1476)^[36]
November 29 – Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Württemberg (d. 1524)
date unknown
- Christopher Columbus, Italian explorer (d. 1506)^[37]
- Ignatius Noah of Lebanon, Syriac Orthodox patriarch of Antioch (d. 1509).^[38]

1452

February 6 – Joanna, Princess of Portugal (d. 1490)
February 14
- Davide Ghirlandaio, Italian painter and mosaicist (d. 1525)^[39]
- Pandolfo Petrucci, tyrant of Siena (d. 1512)
March 10 – King Ferdinand II of Aragon, Aragonese king and first king of a united Spain (by marriage to Isabella of Castile) (d. 1516)^[40]
April 15 – Leonardo da Vinci, Italian artist and inventor (d. 1519)^[41]
April 19 – King Frederick of Naples (d. 1504)^[42]
May 18 – Henry the Younger of Poděbrady, Bohemian nobleman (d. 1492)
July 27
- Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan (d. 1508)^[43]
- Lucrezia Crivelli, mistress of Ludovico Sforza (d. 1508)
August 12 – Abraham Zacuto, Spanish Jewish astronomer, astrologer, mathematician, rabbi and historian (d. 1515)
September 21 – Girolamo Savonarola, Italian religious reformer (d. 1498)^[44]
October 2 – King Richard III of England (d. 1485)^[45]
December 6 – Antonio Mancinelli, Italian humanist pedagogue and grammarian (d. 1505)
December 10 – Johannes Stöffler, German mathematician (d. 1531)
Date unknown
- Diogo Cão, Portuguese explorer (d. 1486)
- Lucrezia Crivelli, mistress of Ludovico Sforza of Milan (d. 1508) (approximate date)

1453

January 1 – Bernardin Frankopan, Croatian nobleman, diplomat and soldier (d. 1529)
February 6 – Girolamo Benivieni, Florentine poet (d. 1542)
March 2 – Johannes Engel, German doctor, astronomer and astrologer (d. 1512)^[46]
March 3 – Philip II, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1486–1524) (d. 1524)
March 25 – Giuliano de' Medici, co-ruler of Florence with Lorenzo de' Medici (d. 1478)
April 18 – Margaret of Brandenburg, abbess of the Poor Clares monastery at Hof (d. 1509)
May 13 – Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran, Scottish princess (d. 1488)
June 10 – Francesco Soderini, Catholic cardinal (d. 1524)
September 1 – Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, Spanish general and statesman (d. 1515)
October 13 – Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales (d. 1471)^[47]
November 13 – Christoph I, Margrave of Baden-Baden (1475–1515) (d. 1527)
November 17 – Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (d. 1468)
date unknown – Jacob Obrecht, Flemish composer (d. 1505)
probable – Afonso de Albuquerque, Portuguese admiral (d. 1515)

1454

June 3 – Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania (1474–1523) (d. 1523)
June 16 – Joanna of Aragon, Queen of Naples (d. 1517)
July 14 – Poliziano, Italian humanist (d. 1494)
September 4 – Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, English politician (d. 1483)
September 24 – Gerold Edlibach, Swiss historian (d. 1530)
November 25 – Catherine Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus (d. 1510)
date unknown
- Domenico Maria Novara da Ferrara, Italian astronomer (d. 1504)
- Pinturicchio, Italian painter (d. 1513)
- Choe Bu, Korean official and venturer to China (d. 1504)
- Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany (d. 1485)

1455

January 9 – William IV, Duke of Jülich-Berg, Count of Ravensberg (d. 1511)
January 29 – Johann Reuchlin, German-born humanist and scholar (d. 1522)
February 2 – King John of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden (d. 1513)^[48]
March 3
- King John II of Portugal (d. 1495)^[49]
- Ascanio Sforza, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1505)
March 15 – Pietro Accolti, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1532)
April 17 – Andrea Gritti, Doge of Venice (d. 1538)^[50]
May 16 – Wolfgang I of Oettingen, German count (d. 1522)
June 1 – Anne of Savoy, Savoy royal (d. 1480)
July 9 – Frederick IV of Baden, Dutch bishop (d. 1517)
July 15 – Queen Yun, Korean queen (d. 1482)
August 2 – John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1499)
August 15 – George, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1503)
November 9 – John V, Count of Nassau-Siegen, Stadtholder of Guelders and Zutphen (d. 1516)
date unknown
- Peter Vischer the Elder, German sculptor (approximate date) (d. 1529)
- Estefania Carròs i de Mur, Spanish educator (approximate date) (d. 1511)
- Raden Patah, Javanese sultan, founder of the Demak Sultanate (d. 1518)
- María de Ajofrín, Spanish visionary (d. 1489)
- Nicholas Barnham, English knight, killed in the War of the Roses (d. 1485)
- Angelo da Vallombrosa, Italian jurist and abbot (d. 1530)

1456

March – Jan Łaski, Polish nobleman (d. 1531)
March 1 – Vladislaus II, king of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia (d. 1516)
June 11 – Anne Neville, queen consort of Richard III of England (d. 1485)^[51]
June 23 – Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland, consort of James III of Scotland (d. 1486)^[52]
June 25 – Henry V of Rosenberg, Bohemian nobleman (d. 1489)
October 16 – Ludmila of Poděbrady, Regent of the duchies of Brzeg and Oława from 1488 (d. 1503)
November 7 – Margaret of Bavaria, Electress Palatine and hereditary princess of Bavaria-Landshut (d. 1501)
November 8 – Queen Gonghye, Korean royal consort (d. 1474)
date unknown
- Jeanne Hachette (Laisné), French peasant heroine
- Antonia di Paolo di Dono, Italian artist and daughter of Paolo di Dono (d. 1491)
- Jan Lubrański, Polish bishop (d. 1520)

1457

January 18 – Antonio Trivulzio, seniore, Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1508)
January 28 – King Henry VII of England (d. 1509)^[53]
February 2 – Peter Martyr d'Anghiera, Italo-Spanish historian and diplomat (d. 1526)
February 13 – Mary of Burgundy, sovereign duchess regnant of Burgundy, married to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1482)
August 20 – Seongjong of Joseon, King of Joseon (d. 1494)
September 21 – Hedwig Jagiellon, Duchess of Bavaria, Polish princess (d. 1502)
November 16 – Beatrice of Naples, Hungarian queen (d. 1508)
date unknown
- Jacob Obrecht, Dutch composer (d. 1505)
- George Nevill, Duke of Bedford (d. 1483)
probable
- Sebastian Brant, German humanist and satirist (d. 1521)^[54]
- Filippino Lippi, Florentine painter (d. 1504)^[55]
- Thomas West, 8th Baron De La Warr (d. 1525)

1458

February 15 – Ivan the Young, Ruler of Tver (d. 1490)
April 9 – Camilla Battista da Varano, Italian saint (d. 1524)^[56]
April 13 – John II, Duke of Cleves (d. 1521)^[57]
May 2 – Eleanor of Viseu, Portuguese princess and later Queen of Portugal (d. 1525)^[58]
August 18 – Lorenzo Pucci, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1531)
October 3 – Saint Casimir, Prince of Poland and Duke of Lithuania (d. 1484)^[59]
October 16 – Adolph II, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, German prince (d. 1526)
December 25 – Amago Tsunehisa, Japanese warlord (d. 1541)
date unknown
- Jacob Obrecht, Dutch composer (d. 1505)
- Jacopo Sannazaro, Italian poet (d. 1530)^[60]
probable
- Thomas Docwra, Grand Prior of the English Knights Hospitaller (d. 1527)
- Richard Grey, half brother of Edward V of England (d. 1483)

1459

January 25 – Paul Hofhaimer, Austrian organist and composer (d. 1537)
March 2 – Pope Adrian VI (d. 1523)^[61]
March 6 – Jakob Fugger, German banker (d. 1525)
March 22 – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1519)^[62]
May 15 – John I, Count Palatine of Simmern (1480–1509) (d. 1509)
July – Mingyi Nyo, founder of the Toungoo Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) (d. 1530)
July 11 – Kaspar, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, German nobleman (d. 1527)
October 6 – Martin Behaim, German explorer and cartographer (d. 1507)
December 22 – Sultan Cem, pretender to the Ottoman throne (d. 1495)
December 27 – King John I Albert of Poland (d. 1501)
date unknown – Edward Poynings, Lord Deputy to King Henry VII of England (d. 1521)
- Christina Brask, Swedish writer and translator (d. 1520)
probable – Lorenzo di Credi, Florentine painter and sculptor (d. 1537)
date unknown – Jheronimus de Clibano, Dutch composer (d. 1503)
date unknown – Jean Mouton, French composer (d. 1522)

1450

January 9 – Adam Moleyns, English courtier and Bishop of Chichester
February 9 – Agnès Sorel, mistress of Charles VII of France (b. c. 1422)^[63]
April 8 – Sejong the Great of Joseon, ruler of Korea (b. 1397)
May 2 – William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, English military leader (born 1396)
May 9 – Abdal-Latif Mirza, ruler of Transoxania
July 2 – Ranuccio Farnese il Vecchio, Italian condottiero (b. c. 1390)
July 4 – James Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele, English soldier and politician (b. c. 1395)
July 18 – Francis I, Duke of Brittany (b. 1414)
July 26 – Cecily Neville, Duchess of Warwick (b. 1424)
August 15 – Alberto da Sarteano, Italian Franciscan friar and papal legate (b. 1385)
August 27 – Reginald West, 6th Baron De La Warr, English politician (b. 1395)
August 31 – Isabella of Navarre, Countess of Armagnac (b. 1395)
September 16 – Louis Aleman, French cardinal
September 22 – William Tresham, English politician
October 1 – Leonello d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara, Italian noble (b. 1407)
November 3 – Paola Colonna, Lady of Piombino (b. c. 1378)
November 5 – John IV, Count of Armagnac (b. 1396)

1451

January 7 – Antipope Felix V (b. 1383)
January 18 – Henry II, Count of Nassau-Siegen, Co-ruler of Nassau-Siegen (1442–1451) (b. 1414)^[64]
February 3 – Murad II, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1404)
June – ‘Abdullah, Timurid Empire ruler
July 11 – Barbara of Cilli, Holy Roman Empress, queen consort of Hungary and Bohemia (b. 1392)
October – Bogdan II of Moldavia, assassinated by Petru Aron
date unknown
- Stefan Lochner, German painter (b. 1400)
- John Lydgate, English monk and poet (b. 1370)
- al-Mustakfi II, Abbasid Caliph

1452

Švitrigaila and Michał Bolesław Zygmuntowicz (Michael Žygimantaitis) died on February 10, 1452

February 10
- Švitrigaila, Grand Prince of Lithuania
- Michał Bolesław Zygmuntowicz (Michael Žygimantaitis), Prince of Black Ruthenia
February 14 – Konrad VII the White, Duke of Oleśnica
February 22 – William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas (b. 1425)
April 20 – Reinhard III, Count of Hanau (1451–1452) (b. 1412)
May – John Stafford, Archbishop of Canterbury^[65]
October – Nicholas Close, English bishop
probable – Gemistus Pletho, Greek philosopher

1453

February 28 – Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine (b. 1400)
May 29
- Constantine XI Palaiologos, last Byzantine Emperor (b. 1405)
- Athanasius II of Constantinople, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
- Theophilos Palaiologos, Byzantine grammarian, humanist and mathematician. Cousin of Constantine XI.
- Demetrios Palaiologos Metochites, last governor of Constantinople
- Orhan Çelebi, Ottoman prince (b. 1412)
June 1 – Giovanni Giustiniani, Italian captain
June 2 – Álvaro de Luna, Duke of Trujillo, Constable of Castille
June 3 – Loukas Notaras, last megas doux of the Byzantine Empire (b. 1402)
June 4 – Andronikos Palaiologos Kantakouzenos, last Grand Domestic of the Byzantine Empire
July 10 – Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger, Ottoman grand vizier from 1439 to 1 June 1453
July 17
- Dmitry Shemyaka, Grand Prince of Moscow
- John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, English military leader^[13]
July 20 – Enguerrand de Monstrelet, French chronicler
October 13 – Jacob, Margrave of Baden-Baden (1431–1453) (b. 1407)
October 20 – Yi Jing-ok, Korean military General (b. 1399)^[66]
December 24 – John Dunstaple, English composer (b. 1390)
Demetrius III, former co-king of Georgia (b. c. 1413)
Orban, iron founder and engineer
Francesco de Aiello, Catholic bishop and Archbishop of Bari-Canosa
Angelo Marcuzzi, Roman Catholic prelate
William Beaumont, lord of the manor of Shirwell (b. 1427)

1454

March 22 – John Kemp, Archbishop of Canterbury
July 20 – King John II of Castile (b. 1405)
December 10 – Ignatius Behnam Hadloyo, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.^[67]
date unknown
- Chiara Zorzi, regent of Athens
- William Turnbull, Bishop of Glasgow
- Robert Wingfield, English politician (b. 1403)

1455

February 18 – Fra Angelico, Italian painter (b. 1395)^[68]
March 24 – Pope Nicholas V (b. 1397)^[69]
April 1 – Zbigniew Oleśnicki, Polish Catholic cardinal and statesman (b. 1389)
May 1 – Archibald Douglas, Earl of Moray (in battle)
May 22 (killed at the First Battle of St Albans):
- Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland, Lancastrian commander (b. 1393)^[17]
- Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset, Lancastrian commander (b. 1406)^[17]
- Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford, Lancastrian commander (b. 1414)^[17]
September 3 – Alonso Tostado, Spanish Catholic bishop
October 22 – Johannes Brassart, Flemish composer
October 28 – Guillaume-Hugues d'Estaing, French Catholic cardinal
December 1 – Lorenzo Ghiberti, Italian sculptor and metal smith (b. 1378)
December 2 – Isabel of Coimbra, queen of Portugal (b. 1432)

1456

January 17 – Elisabeth of Lorraine-Vaudémont, French translator (b. 1395)
August 11 – John Hunyadi, Hungarian statesman and military leader (b. c. 1406)^[70]
August 20 – Vladislav II of Wallachia
October 17 – Nicolas Grenon, French composer (b. 1375)
October 23 – Giovanni da Capistrano, Italian saint (b. 1386)
November 3 – Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, father of King Henry VII of England (b. 1431)^[71]
November 9 – Ulrich II, Count of Celje (b. 1406)
November 25 – Jacques Cœur, French merchant (b. 1395)
December 4 – Charles I, Duke of Bourbon (b. 1401)
December 24 – Đurađ Branković, Despot of Serbia (b. 1377)
date unknown – Juan de Mena, Spanish poet (b. 1411)

1457

March 14 – Jingtai Emperor of China (b. 1428)
March 16 – László Hunyadi, Hungarian statesman and warrior (b. 1433)^[72]
May 22 – Saint Rita of Cascia, Italian saint (b. 1381)
August 1 – Lorenzo Valla, Italian humanist
August 19 – Andrea del Castagno, Italian painter (b. 1421)
September 12 – Gabriele Sforza, Archbishop of Milan (b. 1423)^[73]
September 14 – Countess Palatine Margaret of Mosbach, countess consort of Hanau (b. 1432)
September 22 – Peter II, Duke of Brittany (b. 1418)
November 3 – Ludwig II, Count of Württemberg-Urach, German noble (b. 1439)
November 23 – King Ladislaus Posthumus of Bohemia and Hungary (b. 1440)
December 24 – Danjong of Joseon, King of Joseon (b. 1441)
date unknown
- Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza, ruler of Khurasan (b. 1422)
- Bartolomeu Perestrello, Portuguese navigator and explorer (b. 1395)

1458

January 17 – Louis I, Landgrave of Hesse, Landgrave of Hesse (1413–1458) (b. 1402)^[74]
February 20 – Lazar Branković, Despot of Serbia^[75]
March 25 – Íñigo López de Mendoza, 1st Marquis of Santillana, Spanish poet (b. 1398)
April 11 – Helena Palaiologina, Queen of Cyprus (b. 1428)
June 27 – King Alfonso V of Aragon (b. 1396)^[76]
July 28 – John II of Cyprus
August 6 – Pope Callixtus III (b. 1378)^[77]
September 7 – Maria of Castile, Queen of Aragon, Queen consort of Aragon and Naples (b. 1401)
December 26 – Arthur III, Duke of Brittany (b. 1393)
date unknown – Isabelle Romée, mother of Joan of Arc

1459

February 14 – Stephen, Count Palatine of Simmern-Zweibrücken (b. 1385)
March 3 – Ausiàs March, Catalan poet from Valencia (b. 1397)
May 2 – Antoninus of Florence, Italian archbishop (b. 1389)
August 27 – James of Portugal, Portuguese cardinal (b. 1433)
September 6 – Katharina of Nassau-Beilstein, German regent
September 17 – Isabella of Urgell, Duchess of Coimbra, Portuguese Duchess (b. 1409)
September 23 (killed at the Battle of Blore Heath):
- James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley (b. 1400)
- Thomas Dutton, English knight (b. 1421)
September 24 – Eric of Pomerania, King of Norway, Denmark and Sweden (b. 1382)
October 30 – Gian Francesco Poggio Bracciolini, Italian humanist (b. 1380)
November 5 – John Fastolf, English soldier^[78]
December 4 – Adolf VIII, Duke of Southern Jutland (b. 1401)

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1450s

1450

January–December

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1450s

1450

January–December

Date unknown

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Significant people

Births

Deaths

References