1640s

The 1640s decade ran from January 1, 1640, to December 31, 1649.

1640

January–March

January 6 – The Siege of Salses ends almost six months after it had started on June 9, 1639, with the French defenders surrendering to the Spanish attackers.
January 17 – A naval battle over control of what is now Brazil, between ships of the Dutch Republic and those of the Kingdom of Portugal, ends after five days of fighting with the Dutch driving the Portuguese away from the port of Recife.
February 9 – Ibrahim I (1640–1648) succeeds Murad IV (1623–1640) as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
March 8–13 – Siege of Galle: Dutch troops take the strategic fortress at Galle, Sri Lanka from the Portuguese.^[1]

April–June

April 13 – The Short Parliament assembles, as King Charles I of England attempts to fund the second of the Bishops' Wars.
May 5 – The Short Parliament is dissolved.
May 22 – The Catalan Revolt (Guerra dels Segadors) breaks out in Catalonia.
June 7 – Catalan rebels assassinate Dalmau de Queralt, Count of Santa Coloma, beginning the three-day Corpus de Sang riots.
June 13 – The eruption of the Mount Komagatake volcano takes place in Japan. Although the eruption causes few direct injuries, the heavy ashfall poisons local crops and causes the Kan'ei Great Famine that causes more than 50,000 deaths from starvation.

July–September

July 9 – John Punch, a servant of Virginia planter Hugh Gwyn, is sentenced to a life of servitude after attempting to escape, making him the "first official slave in the English colonies" ^[2]
July 15 – The first university of Finland, the Royal Academy of Turku, is inaugurated in Turku.^[3]^[4]
August 9 – Forty-one Spanish delegates to Japan at Nagasaki are beheaded.
August 20 – Second Bishops' War: A Scottish Covenanter army invades Northumberland in England.^[5]
August 28 – Second Bishops' War – Battle of Newburn: The Scottish Covenanter army led by Alexander Leslie defeats the English army near Newburn in England.^[5]
September 7 – Portuguese missionary Sebastien Manrique reaches Dhaka and stays for 27 days, leaving on October 4.^[6]
September 20 – The Siege of Turin ends in Italy after almost four months with a victory by French and Piedmontese after having started on May 22, and the city is recaptured from Spain.

October–December

October 26 – The Treaty of Ripon is signed, restoring peace between the Scottish Covenanters and Charles I of England.^[5]
November 3 – The English Long Parliament is summoned;^[5] it will not be dissolved for 20 years.
December 1
- The end of the Iberian Union of Spain and Portugal begins, as a revolution organized by the nobility and bourgeoisie causes John IV of Portugal to be acclaimed as king, thus ending 60 years of personal union of the crowns of Portugal and Spain, and the rule of the House of Habsburg (also called the Philippine Dynasty). The Spanish Habsburgs do not recognize Portugal's new dynasty, the House of Braganza, until the end of the Portuguese Restoration War in 1668.
- Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg begins to rule.

Date unknown

The first book to be printed in North America (the Bay Psalm Book) is published.
The first known European coffeehouse opens in Venice.^[7]

1640

January 5 – Paolo Lorenzani, Italian composer (d. 1713)
January 8
- Joaquín Canaves, Spanish Catholic bishop (d. 1721)
- Elisabeth Dorothea of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, German princess (d. 1709)
January 10 – Élie Benoist, French Protestant minister (d. 1728)
January 11 – Sir Robert Burdett, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1716)
January 17 – Jonathan Singletary Dunham, prominent early American settler of Woodbridge Township (d. 1724)
January 23 – Philipp von Hörnigk, German economist (d. 1714)
January 25 – William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire, English soldier and statesman (d. 1707)
January 31 – Samuel Willard, American theologian (d. 1707)
February 6 – William Campion, English politician (d. 1702)
February 13 – Richard Edgcumbe, English politician (d. 1688)
February 14 – Countess Palatine Anna Magdalena of Birkenfeld-Bischweiler, Countess of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d. 1693)
February 17 – Olivier Morel de La Durantaye, French military officer (d. 1716)
February 20 – Pierre II Mignard, French architect and painter (d. 1725)
February 24
- Charles-René d'Hozier, French historical commentator (d. 1732)
- Michiel ten Hove, interim Grand Pensionary of Holland (1688, 1689) (d. 1689)
February 29
- Elisabeth Charlotte, Countess of Holzappel (d. 1707)
- Benjamin Keach, English Particular Baptist preacher (d. 1704)
March 6 – Marcantonio Barbarigo, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1706)
March 7 – Maria Theresa van Thielen, Flemish Baroque painter (d. 1706)
March 9 – Jacques d'Agar, French painter (d. 1715)
March 18 – Philippe de La Hire, French mathematician and astronomer (d. 1718)

April 1
- Sigismund Casimir, Crown Prince of Poland (d. 1647)
- Georg Mohr, Danish mathematician (d. 1697)
April 4 – Gaspar Sanz, Spanish composer, musician, priest (d. 1710)
April 6 – Thomas Lloyd, Quaker preacher of provincial Pennsylvania (d. 1694)
April 7 – Ludmilla Elisabeth of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, German Countess and hymn poet (d. 1672)
April 18 – Étienne Chauvin, French Protestant divine (d. 1725)
April 22 – Mariana Alcoforado, Portuguese nun (d. 1723)
April 23 – Wolfgang William Romer, Dutch military engineer (d. 1713)
April 26 – Frederick, Count of Nassau-Weilburg, ruling Count of Nassau-Weilburg (1655-1675) (d. 1675)
April 30 – Nicolas Letourneux, French preacher, ascetical writer (d. 1686)
May 31 – Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki, King of Poland (d. 1673)
June 5 – Pu Songling, Qing Dynasty Chinese writer (d. 1715)
June 9 – Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1705)
June 15 – Bernard Lamy, French Oratorian mathematician and theologian (d. 1715)
June 16 – Jacques Ozanam, French mathematician (d. 1718)
June 19 – Thomas Widdrington, English politician (d. 1660)
June 21 – Abraham Mignon, Dutch golden age painter (d. 1679)
June 29 – Elizabeth Stanhope, Countess of Chesterfield, second wife of Philip Stanhope (d. 1665)^[97]

July 8 – Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester, son of Charles I (d. 1660)
July 20 – Johannes Bohn, German physician (d. 1718)
August 2 – Gérard Audran, French engraver (d. 1703)
August 8 – Amalia Catharina, German poet and musician (d. 1697)
September 7 – Johann Jacob Schütz, German lawyer (d. 1690)
September 8 – Jérôme de Gonnelieu, French Jesuit theologian (d. 1715)
September 21 – Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, younger son of Louis XIII of France and his wife (d. 1701)
September 23 – Date Tsunamune, Japanese daimyō of Sendai han (d. 1711)
September 29 – Antoine Coysevox, French sculptor (d. 1720)

October 11 – Louis Henry, Count Palatine of Simmern-Kaiserslautern, German noble (d. 1674)
October 12 – Sir Roger Twisden, 2nd Baronet of England (d. 1703)
October 18 – William Stanley, English Member of Parliament (d. 1670)
October 20
- Gérard Edelinck, Flemish engraver (d. 1707)
- Pieter Cornelisz van Slingelandt, Dutch Golden Age painter (d. 1691)
October 23 – Elisabeth Pepys, English wife of Samuel Pepys (d. 1669)
October 25 – Johann Ludwig Hannemann, German chemist (d. 1724)
October 28 – Streynsham Master, English colonial administrator (d. 1724)
November 1 – Francisco de Benavides, Spanish viceroy (d. 1716)
November 4 – Carlo Mannelli, Italian violinist, castrato and composer (d. 1697)
November 5 – John Verney, 1st Viscount Fermanagh, British politician (d. 1717)
November 14 – Jonathan Corwin, American judge of the Salem witch trials (d. 1718)
November 15 – Nicolaus Adam Strungk, German composer and violinist (d. 1700)
November 18 – George Hooper, Bishop of St Asaph
Bishop of Bath and Wells (d. 1727)
November 25 – Juan Domingo de Zuñiga y Fonseca, Spanish Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands (d. 1716)
November 27 – Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland (d. 1709)
December 1 – Ercole Antonio Mattioli, Italian politician (d. 1694)
December 6 – Claude Fleury, French ecclesiastical historian (d. 1723)
December 13 – Robert Plot, English naturalist (d. 1696)
December 14 (probable date) – Aphra Behn, English author (d. 1689)
December 20 – Pierre Cureau de La Chambre, French churchman (d. 1693)
December 22 – Inaba Masamichi, Japanese daimyō (d. 1716)
December 25 – Julius Micrander, Swedish theologian (d. 1702)
December 29 – William Feilding, 3rd Earl of Denbigh (d. 1685)

Marguerite de la Sablière, French salonist and polymath (d. 1693)
Catherine Monvoisin, French fortune teller and poisoner (d. 1680)

1641

January 6 – Wolfgang Dietrich of Castell-Remlingen, German nobleman (d. 1709)
January 13 – Patrick Hume, 1st Earl of Marchmont, Scottish statesman (d. 1724)
January 18 – François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, French war minister (d. 1691)
February 2 – Claude de la Colombière, French Jesuit priest and saint (d. 1682)
February 3 – Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp (1659–1695) (d. 1695)
February 4 – Jerolim Kavanjin, Croatian poet (d. 1714)
February 8
- Richard Jones, 1st Earl of Ranelagh, Irish politician (d. 1712)
- Robert Knox, English sea captain in the service of the British East India Company (d. 1720)
February 24 – Gabriel Tammelin, Lutheran clergyman (d. 1695)
March 14 – Hyeonjong of Joseon, 18th monarch of the Korean Joseon Dynasty (d. 1674)
March 19 – Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi, Muslim scholar (d. 1731)
March 29 – Johann Zahn, 17th-century German author of Oculus Artificialis Teledioptricus Sive Telescopium (d. 1707)

April 4 – Sir James Oxenden, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1708)
April 8
- Henry Sydney, 1st Earl of Romney, English politician and army officer (d. 1704)
- (bapt.) – William Wycherley, English playwright (d. 1716)
April 15 – Robert Sibbald, Scottish physician and antiquarian (d. 1722)
May – Juan Núñez de la Peña, Spanish historian (d. 1721)
May 8 – Nicolaes Witsen, Mayor of Amsterdam, Netherlands (d. 1717)
May 16 – Dudley North, English economist, merchant and politician (d. 1691)
May 17 – Pierre Monier, French painter (d. 1703)
May 18 – Olimpia Giustiniani, Italian noblewoman (d. 1729)
May 28 – Johann Weikhard von Valvasor, Slovenian polymath (d. 1693)
May 31 – Patriarch Dositheos II of Jerusalem, Greek Orthodox Patriarch (d. 1707)
June 15 – Bernard de la Monnoye, French lawyer (d. 1728)
June 19 – Jan Claus, leading Quaker in Amsterdam (d. 1729)
June 28 – Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien, French-born Polish consort to King John III Sobieski (d. 1716)
June 29 – Pierre Cholonec, French Jesuit missionary and biographer in New France (d. 1723)
June 30 – Meinhardt Schomberg, 3rd Duke of Schomberg, English general (d. 1719)

July 9 – Jan Jansen Bleecker, Mayor of Albany, New York (d. 1732)
July 13 – Juan de Santiago y León Garabito, Spanish Catholic prelate, Bishop of Guadalajara and Bishop of Puerto Rico (d. 1694)
July 14 – William Boynton, English politician (d. 1689)
July 29 – Sir William Thomas, 1st Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1706)
July 30 – Regnier de Graaf, Dutch physician and anatomist (d. 1673)
August – John Hathorne, American magistrate (d. 1717)
August 2 – Jacob Bobart the Younger, English botanist (d. 1719)
August 3 – Hildebrand Alington, 5th Baron Alington, Irish peer (d. 1723)
August 28 – Henry, Prince of Nassau-Dillenburg (1662–1701) (d. 1701)
September 1 – Jean Barbier d'Aucour, French lawyer and satirist (d. 1694)
September 5 – Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland, English diplomat (d. 1702)
September 7 – Tokugawa Ietsuna, Japanese Tokugawa shōgun (d. 1680)
September 16 – Julius Francis, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, Bohemian noble (d. 1689)
September 20 – Henri Arnaud, pastor of the Waldensians in Piedmont (d. 1721)
September 22 – Titus van Rijn, Dutch art dealer (d. 1668)
September 26 – Nehemiah Grew, English plant anatomist and physiologist (d. 1712)

October 1 – Hans Adam von Schöning, German general (d. 1696)
October 5 – Françoise-Athénaïs de Rochechouart de Mortemart, mistress of Louis XIV of France (d. 1707)^[98]
October 6 – Sir William Maynard, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1685)
October 10 – Wolfgang Printz, German composer (d. 1717)
October 14
- Dorothea Maria of Saxe-Weimar, Duchess of Saxe-Zeitz, by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Zeitz (d. 1675)
- Joachim Tielke, German musical instrument maker (d. 1719)
October 28 – Philip Skippon, English naturalist and Member of Parliament (d. 1691)
November 5 – Empress Xiaohuizhang, Qing Dynasty empress and consort of the Shunzhi Emperor of China (d. 1718)
November 10 – Edward Lake, English churchman (d. 1704)
November 14 – Albert Anton, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1662–1710) (d. 1710)
November 17 – André, marquis de Nesmond, French naval commander (d. 1702)
November 23 – Anthonie Heinsius, Dutch statesman (d. 1720)
December 7 – Louis, Count of Armagnac, French noble (d. 1718)
December 11 – Jean-Louis Bergeret, holder of the 8th seat of the Académie française (d. 1694)
December 20 – Urban Hjärne, Swedish chemist (d. 1724)
December 29 – Pier Simone Fanelli, Italian painter (d. 1703)
date unknown
- Pierre Allix, French Protestant clergyman (d. 1717)
- Diego Ladrón de Guevara, viceroy of Peru (d. 1718)
- Dodo von Knyphausen, German nobleman (d. 1698)

1642

January 2
- Johannes van Haensbergen, Dutch Golden Age painter (d. 1705)
- Mehmed IV, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1648-1687) (d. 1693)
January 3 – Diego Morcillo Rubio de Auñón, Spanish-born Peruvian Catholic bishop (d. 1730)
January 4 – Philippe Pierson, Belgian Jesuit missionary (d. 1688)
January 5 – Johann Philipp Jeningen, German Catholic priest from Eichstätt, Bavaria (d. 1704)
January 6
- Julien Garnier, French Jesuit missionary to Canada (d. 1730)
- Gisbert Steenwick, Dutch musician (d. 1679)
January 11
- Johann Friedrich Alberti, German composer and organist (d. 1710)
- Mary Carleton, Englishwoman who used false identities (d. 1673)
January 26 – Evert Collier, Dutch Golden Age painter (d. 1708)
February 3 – Philip Aranda, Spanish Jesuit theologian (d. 1695)
February 18 – Marie Champmeslé, French actress (d. 1698)
March 2 – Claudio Coello, Spanish Baroque painter (d. 1693)
March 4 – Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski, Polish noble (d. 1702)
March 23 – Hester Davenport, English stage actress (d. 1717)
March 25 – Anna Talbot, Countess of Shrewsbury, English countess (d. 1702)
March 28 – Henry Wolrad, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1645–1664) (d. 1664)
March 29 – Emich Christian of Leiningen-Dagsburg, Lord of Broich, Oberstein and Bürgel (d. 1702)
March 31 – Ephraim Curtis, American colonial military officer (d. 1684)

April 15 – Suleiman II, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1691)
April 21 – Simon de la Loubère, French diplomat (d. 1729)
April 27 – Francisque Millet, Flemish-French painter (d. 1679)
April 30 – Christian Weise, German writer, dramatist, poet, pedagogue and librarian (d. 1708)
May 5 – James Tyrrell, English barrister and writer (d. 1718)
June 8 – Frescheville Holles, English Member of Parliament (d. 1672)
June 12 – Alexander Seton, 3rd Earl of Dunfermline, earl in the Peerage of Scotland (d. 1677)
June 13 – Queen Myeongseong, Korean royal consort (d. 1684)
June 18 – Paul Tallement the Younger, French writer (d. 1712)
June 20 – George Hickes, English minister and scholar (d. 1715)
June 28 – Jacob de Graeff, member of the De Graeff-family from the Dutch Golden Age (d. 1690)

July 3 – Joseph-François Hertel de la Fresnière, military officer of New France (d. 1722)
July 7 – Gregorio II Boncompagni, Italian nobleman, 5th Duke of Sora (d. 1707)
July 25 – Louis I, Prince of Monaco, Monegasque prince (d. 1701)
August 3 – Robert Austen, English politician (d. 1696)
August 12 – Andrea Scacciati, Italian painter (d. 1710)
August 14 – Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1723)
September 1 – Angelo Paoli, Italian beatified (d. 1720)
September 5 – Maria of Orange-Nassau, Dutch princess (d. 1688)
September 6 – Georg Christoph Bach, German composer (d. 1697)
September 23 – Giovanni Maria Bononcini, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1678)

October 12 – Abraham van Calraet, Dutch painter (d. 1722)
November 4 – Zheng Jing, Chinese pirate (d. 1681)
November 5 – Nils Gyldenstolpe, Swedish count, official and diplomat (d. 1709)
November 9 – Sir John Lowther, 2nd Baronet, of Whitehaven, English politician (d. 1706)
November 11 – André Charles Boulle, French cabinet-maker (d. 1732)
November 16 – Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest, Dutch admiral (d. 1706)
November 24 – Anne Hilarion de Tourville, French naval commander under King Louis XIV (d. 1701)
November 30 – Andrea Pozzo, Jesuit Brother, architect and painter (d. 1709)
December 6
- Johann Christoph Bach, German composer and organist (d. 1703)^[99]
- Gerard Callenburgh, Dutch admiral (d. 1722)
December 8 – Nicolas Roland, French priest and founder (d. 1678)
December 13 – Friedrich Seyler, Swiss theologian (d. 1708)
December 17
- Francisco Castillo Fajardo, Marquis of Villadarias, Spanish general (d. 1716)
- Francis de Geronimo, Italian priest (d. 1716)
December 23 (O.S.) – John Holt, English lawyer (d. 1710)
December 25 (O.S.) – Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist (d. 1727)^[100]
December 30
- Vincenzo da Filicaja, Italian poet (d. 1707)
- François Roger de Gaignières, French genealogist, antiquary, collector (d. 1715)

Abdul-Qādir Bīdel, Persian Sufi poet (d. 1720)
Bonaventure Giffard, English Catholic priest (d. 1734)
Thomas Hancorne, Welsh clergyman and theologian (d. 1731)
Albert Janse Ryckman, Mayor of Albany, prominent brewermaster (d. 1737)
Marie Anne de La Trémoille, princesse des Ursins, politically active Spanish court official (d. 1722)

1643

January 2 – Eleonora d'Este, Italian princess, later nun (d. 1722)
January 4 (N.S.) – Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist (d. 1727)^[101]
January 7 (O.S.) – Sir Samuel Grimston, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1700)
January 9 – Eleonoro Pacello, Italian Catholic prelate, Bishop of Pula (1689–1695) (d. 1695)
January 13 – Axel Wachtmeister, Count of Mälsåker, Swedish field marshal (d. 1699)
January 25 – John Hayes, English politician (d. 1705)
January 24 – Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset, English poet and courtier (d. 1706)
January 30 – Sir Francis Blundell, 3rd Baronet, Irish politician (d. 1707)
February 6
- Charles Fanshawe, 4th Viscount Fanshawe, English politician (d. 1710)
- Johann Kasimir Kolbe von Wartenberg, Prussian politician (d. 1712)
February 15 – García Felipe de Legazpi y Velasco Altamirano y Albornoz, Spanish Catholic prelate, Bishop of Tlaxcala (d. 1706)
February 25
- Sultan Ahmed II of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1695)
- Christian Franz Paullini, German physician (d. 1712)
March 4 – Fran Krsto Frankopan, Croatian baroque poet, nobleman and politician (d. 1671)
March 6 – Pierre de Langle, French bishop and theologian (d. 1724)
March 8 – Nabeshima Naoyuki, Japanese daimyō (d. 1725)
March 17 – Fabrizio Spada, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1717)
March 23 – Mary of Jesus de León y Delgado, Spanish Dominican lay sister and mystic (d. 1731)
March 25 – Louis Moréri, French priest and encyclopaedist (d. 1680)
March 28 – Anthony Dopping, Anglican Bishop of Meath (d. 1697)
March 29 – Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain (d. 1727)

April 3 – Charles V, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1690)
April 6 – Nehemiah Jewett, American colonial politician (d. 1720)
April 30 – Johann Oswald Harms, German Baroque painter (d. 1708)
May 3 – Georg Franck von Franckenau, German botanist (d. 1704)
May 7 – Stephanus Van Cortlandt, first native-born mayor of New York City (d. 1700)
May 8 – George Louis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach (1672–1693) (d. 1693)
May 9 – Charles Kirkhoven, 1st Earl of Bellomont, Dutch-born Irish peer (d. 1683)
May 10 – Gabriel Revel, French painter (d. 1712)
May 29 – Patrick Lyon, 3rd Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, Scottish peer and the son of John Lyon (d. 1695)

July 3 – Johann Ernst von Thun, Tyrolean Catholic bishop (d. 1709)
July 26 – Burchard de Volder, Dutch mathematician (d. 1709)
July 28 – Antonio Tarsia, Italian composer (d. 1722)
July 29 – Henri Jules, Prince of Condé (d. 1709)
August 3 – Charles de la Rue, French Jesuit, Latin poet (d. 1725)
August 16 – Mumtaz Shikoh, Mughal Empire emperor (d. 1647)
August 18 – William Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Harzgerode (1670–1709) (d. 1709)
August 21 – King Afonso VI of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarves (d. 1683)
August 26 – Cardinal de Bouillon, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1715)
September 3 – Lorenzo Bellini, Italian physician, anatomist (d. 1704)
September 5 – Sir William Portman, 6th Baronet, English politician (d. 1690)
September 6 – François-Joseph de Beaupoil de Sainte-Aulaire, French poet (d. 1742)
September 14
- Jeremiah Dummer, American silversmith (d. 1718)
- Joseph de Jouvancy, French historian (d. 1719)
September 17 – Francis Howard, 5th Baron Howard of Effingham, English peer (d. 1694)
September 18 – Gilbert Burnet, Scottish philosopher and historian (d. 1715)
September 27 – Solomon Stoddard, pastor of the Congregationalist Church in Northampton, Massachusetts (d. 1729)
September 30 – Samuel Hoadly, American-born English schoolmaster, writer of educational books (d. 1705)

October 5 – Zinat-un-Nissa, princess of the Mughal Empire (d. 1721)
October 14 – Bahadur Shah I, Mughal Emperor of India (d. 1712)
October 25 – Georg Ludwig Agricola, German composer (d. 1676)
November 1 – John Strype, English historian and biographer (d. 1737)
November 4 – Asano Nagatomo, Japanese daimyō who ruled the Akō Domain (d. 1675)
November 16 – Jean Chardin, French jeweller, traveller (d. 1713)
November 22 – René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, French explorer (d. 1687)
November 23 – Eberhard von Danckelmann, Prussian politician (d. 1722)
December 24 – Israel Kolmodin, Swedish hymnwriter and priest (d. 1709)
December 28 – Salomon van Til, theologian of the Dutch Reformed Church (d. 1713)

Ilona Zrínyi, Hungarian heroine (d. 1703)
Marie Grubbe, Danish countess (d. 1718)
Eva Krotoa, Khoi translator and interpreter (d. 1674)

1644

January 9 – Robert Gibbes, English-born landgrave in South Carolina (d. 1715)
January 10
- Louis François, duc de Boufflers, Marshal of France (d. 1711)
- Celestino Sfondrati, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1696)
January 11 – Hayashi Hōkō, Japanese philosopher (d. 1732)
January 14 – Thomas Britton, English concert promoter (d. 1714)
January 18 – John Partridge, English astrologer (d. 1708)
January 23 – Jonas Budde, Norwegian army officer (d. 1710)
January 25 – Antoine Thomas, Jesuit missionary priest and astronomer (d. 1709)^[102]
January 26 – Thomas Boylston, American colonial doctor (d. 1695)
February 2
- Isaac Chayyim Cantarini, Italian rabbi (d. 1723)
- Johannes Hancke, German writer (d. 1713)
February 7 – Nils Bielke, member of the High Council of Sweden (d. 1716)
February 8 – Pierre de La Broue, American bishop (d. 1720)
February 12 – Jakob Ammann, Swiss founder of the Amish sect (d. 1712)
February 24 – Maria Elisabeth Lämmerhirt, German mother of Johann Sebastian Bach (d. 1694)
March 1 – Simon Foucher, French polemicist (d. 1696)
March 15 – Veit Hans Schnorr von Carolsfeld, German iron and cobalt magnate (d. 1715)
March 21 – Sir Walter Bagot, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1704)
March 22
- Otto Mencke, German philosopher and scientist (d. 1707)
- Sir James Rushout, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1698)
March 25 – Heinrich von Cocceji, German jurist from Bremen (d. 1719)
March 31 – Henry Winstanley, English engineer (d. 1703)

April 6 – António Luís de Sousa, 2nd Marquis of Minas, Portuguese general, governor-general of Brazil (d. 1721)
April 7
- Nathaniel Johnson, American politician (d. 1713)
- François de Neufville, duc de Villeroy, French soldier (d. 1730)
April 11 – Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy-Nemours, Duchess of Savoy (d. 1724)
April 17 – Abraham Storck, Dutch painter (d. 1708)
April 21 – Conrad von Reventlow, Danish statesman, first Grand Chancellor of Denmark (d. 1708)
May 2 – Robert Cotton, English politician (d. 1717)
May 4 – Juan Caballero y Ocio, Spanish priest remarkable for lavish gifts to the Catholic Church and charity (d. 1707)
May 5 – Sir Richard Newdigate, 2nd Baronet, English landowner (d. 1710)
May 26 – Michael Ettmüller, German physician (d. 1683)
June 2 – William Salmon, English medical writer (d. 1713)
June 7 – Johann Christoph Volkamer, German botanist (d. 1720)
June 16 – Henrietta Anne Stuart, Princess of Scotland, England and Ireland and Duchess of Orléans (d. 1670)^[103]
June 17 – Johann Wolfgang Franck, German baroque composer (d. 1710)

July 2 – Abraham a Sancta Clara, German Augustinian friar (d. 1709)
July 4 – Josceline Percy, 11th Earl of Northumberland, English noble (d. 1670)
July 7 – Joan Geelvinck, Dutch politician (d. 1707)
July 10 – Miguel Bayot, Spanish Catholic prelate, Bishop of Cebu (from 1697) (d. 1700)
July 22 – Peter Drelincourt, Irish chaplain (d. 1722)
August 6
- Christian Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (1655–1712) (d. 1712)
- Louise de La Vallière, French mistress of Louis XIV of France (d. 1710)^[104]
August 12 – Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber, Bohemian composer and violinist (d. 1704)
August 28 (bapt.) – Gilles Schey, Dutch admiral (d. 1703)
August 29 – Anne Bourdon, nun in New France (d. 1711)
August 30 – Thomas Tufton, 6th Earl of Thanet, English politician (d. 1729)
September 3 – Richard Newport, 2nd Earl of Bradford, English politician (d. 1723)
September 6 – Juan Bautista Cabanilles, Spanish composer (d. 1712)
September 11 – Jacob Rotius, Dutch painter (d. 1681)
September 22 – Jacques Échard, French Dominican, historian of the Order (d. 1724)
September 25 – Ole Rømer, Danish astronomer (d. 1710)

October 1 – Jean Rousseau, French viol player (d. 1699)
October 2 – François-Timoléon de Choisy, French abbé, author and cross-dresser (d. 1724)
October 3 – Adriaen Frans Boudewijns, landscape painter (d. 1719)
October 12 – Christopher Sandius, Dutch Arian writer (d. 1680)
October 13 – Sipihr Shikoh, Mughal Emperor (d. 1708)
October 14 – William Penn, English Quaker and founder of Pennsylvania (d. 1718)
October 26 – Mathias Steuchius, Swedish archbishop (d. 1730)
November 23 (bapt.) – Cornelia van der Gon, Dutch art collector (d. 1701)
December 8 – Maria d'Este, Italian noble (d. 1684)
December 9 – Robert Kirk, Scottish folklorist, Bible translator, Gaelic scholar (d. 1692)
December 23 – Tomás de Torrejón y Velasco, Spanish composer, musician and organist (d. 1728)
December 25 – Walter Scott, Earl of Tarras, Scottish nobleman (d. 1693)
December 29 – Philips van Almonde, Dutch Lieutenant Admiral (d. 1711)

Matsuo Bashō, Japanese poet (d. 1694)
Pietro Erardi, Maltese chaplain and painter (d. 1727)^[105]
Antonio Stradivari, Italian violin maker (d. 1737)^[106]

1645

January 9 – Sir William Villiers, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1712)
January 22 – Isaac Addington, longtime functionary of various colonial governments of Massachusetts (d. 1719)
January 28 – Gottfried Vopelius, German academic (d. 1715)
February 9 – Johann Aegidius Bach, German organist, father of Johann Bernhard Bach (d. 1716)
February 16 – John Sharp, English Archbishop of York (d. 1714)
February 13 – Vere Fane, 4th Earl of Westmorland, England (d. 1693)
February 22
- Johann Ambrosius Bach, German musician (d. 1695)
- Johann Christoph Bach, German composer (d. 1693)
February 24 – Francis I Rákóczi, Hungarian prince of Transylvania (d. 1676)
March 17 – Peter Du Cane, the elder, British noble Huguenot refugee (d. 1714)
March 20 – Arthur Brownlow, Anglo-Irish politician (d. 1711)
March 25 – Marco Battaglini, Italian Catholic bishop (d. 1717)

April 3 – François Vachon de Belmont, French Catholic bishop (d. 1732)
April 11 – Juan del Valle y Caviedes, Spanish-born Peruvian poet (d. 1697)
April 17 – James Olmsted, Connecticut politician (d. 1731)
April 22 – Christine of Baden-Durlach, German noblewoman (d. 1705)
May 3 – Thomas Maule, prominent Quaker in colonial Salem (d. 1724)
May 4 – Thomas Alvey, English physician (d. 1704)
May 14 – François de Callières, French writer and diplomat (d. 1717)
May 15 – George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys, British judge (d. 1689)^[107]
June 13 – Giacomo Cantelmo, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1702)
June 14 – Haquin Spegel, Swedish bishop (d. 1714)
June 15 – Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin, English politician (d. 1712)

July 11 – Michael Wening, German engraver (d. 1718)
July 27 – Frederik Johan van Baer, Dutch army commander (d. 1713)
July 28 – Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, French princess (d. 1721)
August – Charles Louis Simonneau, French engraver (d. 1728)
August 3 – August Kühnel, German composer and violist (d. 1700)
August 5 – Charles Schomberg, 2nd Duke of Schomberg, English general (d. 1693)
August 6 – Joseph Herrick, principal law enforcement officer in Salem, Massachusetts (d. 1710)
August 10 – Eusebio Kino, Italian Catholic missionary (d. 1711)
August 14 – Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, Mexican academic (d. 1700)
August 16 – Jean de La Bruyère, French writer (d. 1696)
August 25 – Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam, Dutch general (d. 1714)
August 30 – Giuseppe Avanzi, Italian painter (d. 1718)
September 4
- Johannes Jakob Buxtorf, Swiss Hebraist (d. 1705)
- John North, 5th of fourteen children of Sir Dudley North (d. 1683)
September 10 – Romeyn de Hooghe, Dutch Golden Age painter, engraver, and sculptor (d. 1708)
September 21 – Louis Jolliet, French Canadian explorer known for his discoveries in North America (d. 1700)
September 22 – Chikka Devaraja, Ruler of Mysore (d. 1704)
September 25 – Naitō Kiyokazu, Japanese daimyō who ruled the Takatō Domain (d. 1714)
September 28 – Sir Edward Hales, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1695)

October 1 – John Alford, English politician (d. 1691)
October 7 – Bernard Desjean, Baron de Pointis, French admiral and privateer (d. 1707)
October 10 – Jakob Gronovius, Dutch classical scholar (d. 1716)
October 21 – Christine Charlotte of Württemberg, Regent of East Frisia (d. 1699)
October 26 – Aert de Gelder, Dutch painter (d. 1727)
October 28 – John Philip II, Wild- and Rhinegrave of Salm-Dhaun, German noble (d. 1693)
November 1 – Thomas Pereira, Portuguese Jesuit mathematician (d. 1708)
November 6 – Johann Gottfried von Guttenberg, Prince-Bishop of Würzburg (d. 1698)
November 11 – Govert van der Leeuw, Dutch painter (d. 1688)
November 12 – Georg Wolfgang Wedel, German physician, surgeon, botanist, chemist, philosopher (d. 1721)
November 17 – Nicolas Lemery, French chemist (d. 1715)
November 30 – Andreas Werckmeister, German organist, music theorist, and composer (d. 1706)
December 3 – Michał Stefan Radziejowski, Polish Catholic cardinal (d. 1705)
December 6 – Maria de Dominici, Maltese artist (d. 1703)
December 14 – Jacob de Wilde, Dutch civil servant, art collector (d. 1721)
December 24 – Hans Carl von Carlowitz, German forester (d. 1714)
December 27 – Giovanni Antonio Viscardi, Swiss architect (d. 1713)

Giovanni Antonio Fumiani, Venetian painter of the Baroque period (d. 1710)

Captain William Kidd, Scottish pirate (d. 1701)

1646

January 1 – David Makeléer, Swedish politician (d. 1708)
January 6 – Jan Van Cleef, Flemish painter (d. 1716)
February 4 – Hans Erasmus Aßmann, German statesman and poet from the second Silesian school (d. 1699)
February 10 – Hans Adam Weissenkircher, Austrian painter (d. 1695)
February 17 – Pierre Le Pesant, sieur de Boisguilbert, French economist (d. 1714)
February 23 – Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, Japanese shōgun (d. 1709)
March 19 – Michael Kongehl, German poet and hymnwriter (d. 1710)
March 25 – Niels Jonsson Stromberg af Clastorp, Swedish noble (d. 1723)

April 1 – Hermann Otto II of Limburg Stirum, German army commander (d. 1704)
April 4 – Antoine Galland, French orientalist and archaeologist (d. 1715)
April 6 – Henry Goring, English politician (d. 1685)
April 12 – Pietro Dandini, Italian painter (d. 1712)
April 15 – King Christian V of Denmark (d. 1699)
April 16 – Jules Hardouin-Mansart, French Baroque architect (d. 1708)
April 20
- Giacinto Calandrucci, Italian painter (d. 1707)
- Charles Plumier, French botanist (d. 1704)
May 12 – George IV, Count of Erbach-Fürstenau (1672–1678) (d. 1678)
May 29 – Isaac Johannes Lamotius, Dutch Governor of Mauritius (d. 1718)
June 5 – Elena Cornaro Piscopia, Venetian philosopher of noble descent (d. 1684)
June 6 – Hortense Mancini, favourite Italian niece of Cardinal Mazarin (d. 1699)
June 21 – Maria Francisca of Savoy (d. 1683)
June 30 – Paul Hermann, German botanist (d. 1695)

July 1 – Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, German philosopher, scientist, and mathematician (d. 1716)^[108]
July 9 – Zeger Bernhard van Espen, Belgian jurist (d. 1728)
July 15 – Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1675–1691) (d. 1691)
July 20
- François Vaillant de Gueslis, Jesuit missionary (d. 1718)
- Eusèbe Renaudot, French theologian and orientalist (d. 1720)
July 24 – Madeleine Boullogne, French painter (d. 1710)
July 29 – Johann Theile, German composer and organist (d. 1724)
August 2
- Jean-Baptiste du Casse, French admiral and buccaneer (d. 1715)
- John Lauder, Lord Fountainhall, Scottish jurist (d. 1722)
August 8
- Godfrey Kneller, German-born painter (d. 1723)^[109]
- Eleonore Charlotte of Saxe-Lauenburg-Franzhagen, Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Franzhagen (d. 1709)
August 12 – Louise Elisabeth of Courland, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg (d. 1690)
August 16 – Juan Francisco de Padilla y San Martín, Spanish Catholic prelate, Bishop of Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Bishop of Puerto Rico (d. 1700)
August 19 – John Flamsteed, British astronomer (d. 1719)
August 24 – Roger Boyle, 2nd Earl of Orrery, Member of the Irish House of Commons (d. 1682)
August 28 – Tsugaru Nobumasa, Japanese daimyō (d. 1710)
September 16 – Juan Romero de Figueroa, Spanish priest (d. 1720)

October 3 – Joseph Parrocel, French Baroque painter (d. 1704)
October 7 – Charles Honoré d'Albert, duc de Luynes, French noble (d. 1712)
October 10 – Françoise-Marguerite de Sévigné, French countess (d. 1705)
November 1 – John Adams, English un-dead.
November 8 – Cresheld Draper, English politician (d. 1694)
November 9 – John Egerton, 3rd Earl of Bridgewater, English politician (d. 1701)
November 27 – Edward Howard, 2nd Earl of Carlisle, English politician (d. 1692)
December 4 – Alain Emmanuel de Coëtlogon, Marshal of France in the reign of Louis XIV and Louis XV (d. 1730)
December 26
- Robert Bolling, wealthy early American settler, planter and merchant (d. 1709)
- Élisabeth Marguerite d'Orléans, French noble (d. 1696)

1647

January 2 – Nathaniel Bacon, Virginia colonist, rebel (d. 1676)

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