1860 - Wikiwand

1860 (MDCCCLX) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1860th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 860th year of the 2nd millennium, the 60th year of the 19th century, and the 1st year of the 1860s decade. As of the start of 1860, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

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1860 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1860 MDCCCLX
Ab urbe condita	2613
Armenian calendar	1309 ԹՎ ՌՅԹ
Assyrian calendar	6610
Baháʼí calendar	16–17
Balinese saka calendar	1781–1782
Bengali calendar	1266–1267
Berber calendar	2810
British Regnal year	23 Vict. 1 – 24 Vict. 1
Buddhist calendar	2404
Burmese calendar	1222
Byzantine calendar	7368–7369
Chinese calendar	己未年 (Earth Goat) 4557 or 4350 — to — 庚申年 (Metal Monkey) 4558 or 4351
Coptic calendar	1576–1577
Discordian calendar	3026
Ethiopian calendar	1852–1853
Hebrew calendar	5620–5621
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1916–1917
- Shaka Samvat	1781–1782
- Kali Yuga	4960–4961
Holocene calendar	11860
Igbo calendar	860–861
Iranian calendar	1238–1239
Islamic calendar	1276–1277
Japanese calendar	Ansei 7 / Man'en 1 (万延元年)
Javanese calendar	1788–1789
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar	4193
Minguo calendar	52 before ROC 民前52年
Nanakshahi calendar	392
Thai solar calendar	2402–2403
Tibetan calendar	阴土羊年 (female Earth-Goat) 1986 or 1605 or 833 — to — 阳金猴年 (male Iron-Monkey) 1987 or 1606 or 834

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Events

January

January 2 – The astronomer Urbain Le Verrier announces the discovery of a hypothetical planet Vulcan at a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences in Paris, France.^[1]^[2]
January 10 – The Pemberton Mill in Lawrence, Massachusetts collapses, killing at least 77 workers.
January 13 – Battle of Tétouan, Morocco: Spanish troops under General Leopoldo O'Donnell, 1st Duke of Tetuan defeat the Moroccan Army.
January 20 – Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour is recalled as Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia.

February

February 20 – Canadian Royal Mail steamer SS Hungarian (1859) is wrecked on Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia, on passage from the British Isles to the United States with all 205 onboard lost.^[3]
February 26 – The Wiyot Massacre takes place at Tuluwat Island, Humboldt Bay in northern California.
February 27 – Abraham Lincoln makes his Cooper Union speech in New York that is largely responsible for his election to the presidency.

March

March 17 – The First Taranaki War begins at Waitara, New Zealand, when Māori refuse to sell land to British settlers.
March 22 – The Grand Duchy of Tuscany is annexed to the newly formed Kingdom of Italy.
March 24 – Sakuradamon Incident: Rōnin samurai of the Mito Domain in Japan assassinate tairō (Chief Minister) Ii Naosuke outside the Sakurada Gate of Edo Castle, disaffected with his role in the opening of Japan to foreign powers.
March–August – The second rout of the Jiangnan Daying destroys the Qing dynasty's army of 180,000.

April

April 2 – The first Italian Parliament meets at Turin.
April 3 – In the U.S., the Pony Express begins its first run from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, with riders carrying a small Bible.
April 4 – A new uprising erupts in Palermo.
April 9 – French typesetter Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville creates a recording of the French folk song Au clair de la lune with his phonautograph, producing the world's earliest known intelligible sound recording of the human voice (however, it was not rediscovered until 2008).

May

May 1 – A Chondrite-type meteorite falls to earth in Muskingum County, Ohio, near the town of New Concord.
May 6 – Expedition of the Thousand: Giuseppe Garibaldi and his troops depart from Quarto.
May 8 – In New Granada (modern-day Colombia) the southern state of Cauca secedes from the central government, in protest at the suggestion of increase of presidential powers; Magdalena and Bolívar join it; civil war erupts.
May 15 – Expedition of the Thousand – Battle of Calatafimi: Troops under Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat the army of Naples in Sicily.
May 17 – The German association football club TSV 1860 München is founded.
May 27 – Garibaldi's forces take Palermo, the capital of Sicily.

June

June 12 – (May 31 O.S.) – The State Bank of the Russian Empire is established.

July

July 2 – Vladivostok is founded in Russia.
July 11 – Mutsuhito (the future Emperor Meiji) becomes Crown Prince of Japan.
July 20 – Battle of Milazzo: The forces of Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat royal Neapolitan forces near Messina, bringing nearly all of Sicily under Garibaldi's control.
Garibaldi.

August

August 13 – José Ignacio Pavón (1791-1866) becomes unconstitutional interim President of Mexico, replacing Miguel Miramón. Two days later Miramón becomes president again.^[4]
August 22 – Assisted by the British Navy, the troops of Giuseppe Garibaldi cross from Sicily to the Italian mainland.

September

September 3–5 – The First International Chemistry Congress is held in Karlsruhe, Baden.
September 7
- The PS Lady Elgin is accidentally rammed and sunk in Lake Michigan, drowning at least 300 people.
- Giuseppe Garibaldi's forces capture Naples.
September 10 – Piedmontese forces invade the Papal States, hoping to link up with Garibaldi in Naples.
September 18 – Battle of Castelfidardo: The Piedmontese decisively defeat the Papal forces, allowing them to continue their march into Neapolitan territory, and effectively reducing the Papal States to the territory around Rome.
September 24 – Battle of Guayaquil: Ecuadorian forces, led by Juan José Flores and Gabriel García Moreno, take the port of Guayaquil from Supreme Chief Guillermo Franco, who is backed by Peruvian forces.

October

October – John Hanning Speke and James Augustus Grant leave Zanzibar, to search for the source of the Nile River.
October 1 – Battle of Volturnus: Garibaldi defeats the last organized army of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
October 5 – Austria, Britain, France, Prussia and the Ottoman Empire form a commission to investigate the causes of the massacres of Maronite Christians, committed by Druzes in Lebanon earlier in the year.
October 6 – Section 377 of the British Indian penal code was enacted in British India.
October 17 – The Open Championship, also known as the British Open, is played for the first time at Prestwick Golf Club in Ayrshire, Scotland. The event is won by Willie Park Sr
October 18 – The first Convention of Peking formally ends the Second Opium War.
October 18–21 – Beijing's Old Summer Palace is burned to the ground by orders of British general Lord Elgin, in retaliation for mistreatment of several prisoners of war, during the Second Opium War.
October 19 – A new Māori revolt begins in New Zealand.
October 26
- Garibaldi again defeats the Neapolitan forces, advancing on Gaeta, the last remaining Neapolitan strong-point.
- Meeting at Teano: Giuseppe Garibaldi gives Naples to King Victor Emmanuel II, recognizing him as King of Italy.

November

November 3 – The combined forces of Giuseppe Garibaldi and King Victor Emmanuel II besiege King Francis II of the Two Sicilies in Gaeta, his last remaining stronghold.
November 6 – 1860 United States presidential election: Abraham Lincoln elected as the 16th President of the United States, the first Republican to hold that office, defeating John C. Breckinridge, Stephen A. Douglas, and John Bell.

December

December 1 – Charles Dickens publishes the first installment of Great Expectations in his magazine All the Year Round.
December 7 – After a fiercely contested campaign, Monier Monier-Williams is elected as the new Boden Professor of Sanskrit, at Oxford University.
December 20 – American Civil War: South Carolina, led by Governor Francis Pickens, becomes the first state to secede from the United States.
December 24 – Mexico's interim president Miguel Miramón flees the country after being defeated in battle.^[5]
December 29 – The world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled and armoured battleship, the (British) HMS Warrior, is launched.

Date unknown

Christians and Druzes clash in Damascus, Syria.
In Buenos Aires, leader Bartolomé Mitre subverts the Argentine Confederation and begins to establish a new centralist government, with the help of Uruguayan Colorado party leader Venancio Flores.
China agrees, in an unequal treaty (the Convention of Peking) imposed on it, to allow missionaries to proselytize throughout the country.
Discovery of the chemical elements: Robert Bunsen discovers caesium and rubidium.
German chemist Albert Niemann makes a detailed analysis of the coca leaf, isolating and purifying the alkaloid, which he calls cocaine.^[6]
Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, and Empress Eugénie visit Algiers and stay at the Casbah of Algiers.^[7]
TAG Heuer watchmaker founded in Bern Canton, Switzerland.^[8]
The Russian Empire has c. 1,250 miles (2,010 km) of railroads.