2022 Indian Premier League
15th edition of the Indian Premier League From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The 2022 Indian Premier League (also known as IPL 15 or for sponsorship reasons, TATA IPL 2022)[2] was the fifteenth season of the Indian Premier League (IPL), a professional Twenty20 cricket league established by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in 2007. The tournament was played from 26 March 2022 to 29 May 2022. The group stage of the tournament was played entirely in the state of Maharashtra, with Mumbai, Navi Mumbai and Pune hosting matches.[3][4]
Dates | 26 March – 29 May 2022 |
---|---|
Administrator(s) | Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) |
Cricket format | Twenty20 |
Tournament format(s) | Group stage and playoffs[1] |
Champions | Gujarat Titans (1st title) |
Runners-up | Rajasthan Royals |
Participants | 10 |
Matches | 74 |
Most valuable player | Jos Buttler (Rajasthan Royals) |
Most runs | Jos Buttler (Rajasthan Royals) (863) |
Most wickets | Yuzvendra Chahal (Rajasthan Royals) (27) |
Official website | iplt20 |
The season saw the expansion of the league with the addition of two new franchises.[5][6][7] Chennai Super Kings were the defending champions, having won their fourth title during the previous season.[8]
In the final, Gujarat Titans beat Rajasthan Royals, by seven wickets to win their maiden title in their first season.[9]
Background
Although earlier reports suggested the addition of two more teams in the previous season,[10][11][12] the BCCI delayed the expansion of the league until 2022.[13][14] In August 2021, it was confirmed that two new franchises would join the league in 2022, with a shortlist of locations including Ahmedabad, Cuttack, Dharamshala, Guwahati, Indore and Lucknow.[15][16]
In a closed bidding auction held in October 2021, RPSG Group and CVC Capital won the right to the two new franchises.[17][18] RPSG paid ₹7,090 crore (US$810 million) for the Lucknow franchise, and CVC won the Ahmedabad franchise for ₹5,625 crore (US$640 million).[19][20] The Lucknow team was named as Lucknow Super Giants in January 2022,[21] and the Ahmedabad team was named as Gujarat Titans the following month.[22]
Vivo pulled out as the title sponsor of the tournament on 11 January 2022, having previously withdrawn as sponsors in 2020 and later signing a contract until 2023. The Tata Group was later named as the replacement title sponsor for the remainder of Vivo's contract.[23][24]
Personnel changes
Each existing team was allowed to retain a maximum of four players, with the two new teams were allowed to select a maximum of three players before the auction.[25] The retained players of the existing eight teams were announced on 30 November 2021,[26][27] and the two new teams named their selections on 22 January 2022.[28][29]
The player auction to complete team squads took place on 12 and 13 February 2022 in Bangalore.[30] Ishan Kishan was the most expensive buy of the auction, bought by Mumbai Indians for ₹15.25 crore (US$1.7 million).[31] The most expensive overseas player was Liam Livingstone, bought by Punjab Kings for ₹11.50 crore (US$1.3 million).[32]
Format
With the introduction of the new teams, a ten-team format was created based on minor opponent rule, consisting of 74 matches with each team playing 14 matches. The ten teams were divided into two groups of five. BCCI has announced in the group stage each team will be playing twice against the teams in their group and against the team in the same row in the other group; against the remaining four teams in the other group, each team will play only once.[33] The format is similar to the one used in 2011, although in 2022 the teams were drawn into groups according to seeding, instead of being drawn randomly.[34]
Venues

Three venues in Mumbai and one in Pune hosted the league stage matches. The original schedule for the tournament had 20 matches each at the Wankhede Stadium and the DY Patil Stadium in Mumbai, with Mumbai's Brabourne Stadium and the MCA International Stadium in Pune hosting 15 matches each. Every team were scheduled to play four matches each at the Wankhede Stadium and the DY Patil Stadium, and three matches each at the Brabourne Stadium and the MCA Stadium[35]
Due to COVID-19 cases within the Delhi Capitals camp, two matches were relocated from the MCA International Stadium in Pune.[36][37]
Stage | City | Stadium | Capacity |
---|---|---|---|
League | Mumbai | Wankhede Stadium | 33,108[38] |
Brabourne Stadium | 20,000 | ||
DY Patil Stadium | 55,000[39] | ||
Pune | MCA International Stadium | 45,000[40] | |
Playoffs | Mumbai | Wankhede Stadium | 80,000[41] |
Navi Mumbai | DY Patil Stadium | 130,000[42] |
Incident
Pravin Amre was suspended for a game while Rishabh Pant and Shardul Thakur were fined after disagreeing with an umpire over a ball which was not called as a no ball during a match between Delhi Capitals and Rajasthan Royals. Pant, captaining Delhi Capitals, called his batsmen off the ground with the intention of abandoning the game in protest.[43]
Points table
Pos | Grp | Team | Pld | W | L | NR | Pts | NRR | Qualification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | B | Gujarat Titans (C) | 14 | 10 | 4 | 0 | 20 | 0.316 | Advanced to Qualifier 1 |
2 | A | Rajasthan Royals (R) | 14 | 9 | 5 | 0 | 18 | 0.298 | |
3 | A | Lucknow Super Giants (4th) | 14 | 9 | 5 | 0 | 18 | 0.251 | Advanced to Eliminator |
4 | B | Royal Challengers Bangalore (3rd) | 14 | 8 | 6 | 0 | 16 | −0.253 | |
5 | A | Delhi Capitals | 14 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 14 | 0.204 | |
6 | B | Punjab Kings | 14 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 14 | 0.126 | |
7 | A | Kolkata Knight Riders | 14 | 6 | 8 | 0 | 12 | 0.146 | |
8 | B | Sunrisers Hyderabad | 14 | 6 | 8 | 0 | 12 | −0.379 | |
9 | B | Chennai Super Kings | 14 | 4 | 10 | 0 | 8 | −0.203 | |
10 | A | Mumbai Indians | 14 | 4 | 10 | 0 | 8 | −0.506 |
The four top-ranked teams qualified for the playoffs.
Match summary
Win | Loss | No result |
- Note: The total points at the end of each group match are listed.
- Note: Click on the points (group matches) or W/L (playoffs) to see the match summary.
Home team won | Visitor team won |
- Note: Results listed are according to the home (horizontal) and visitor (vertical) teams.
- Note: Click on a result to see a summary of the match.
League stage
Summarize
Perspective
The schedule for the group stages was published on the official IPL website on 6 March 2022.[4]
Matches
Chennai Super Kings 131/5 (20 overs) |
v |
Kolkata Knight Riders 133/4 (18.3 overs) |
- Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
Mumbai Indians 177/5 (20 overs) |
v |
Delhi Capitals 179/6 (18.2 overs) |
- Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
Royal Challengers Bangalore 205/2 (20 overs) |
v |
Punjab Kings 208/5 (19 overs) |
- Punjab Kings won the toss and elected to field.
- Raj Angad Bawa (Punjab Kings) made his T20 debut.
Lucknow Super Giants 158/6 (20 overs) |
v |
Gujarat Titans 161/5 (19.4 overs) |
- Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
Rajasthan Royals 210/6 (20 overs) |
v |
Sunrisers Hyderabad 149/7 (20 overs) |
- Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
Kolkata Knight Riders 128 (18.5 overs) |
v |
Royal Challengers Bangalore 132/7 (19.2 overs) |
- Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.
Chennai Super Kings 210/7 (20 overs) |
v |
Lucknow Super Giants 211/4 (19.3 overs) |
- Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to field.
Punjab Kings 137 (18.2 overs) |
v |
Kolkata Knight Riders 141/4 (14.3 overs) |
- Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
Rajasthan Royals 193/8 (20 overs) |
v |
Mumbai Indians 170/8 (20 overs) |
- Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
Gujarat Titans 171/6 (20 overs) |
v |
Delhi Capitals 157/9 (20 overs) |
- Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
Punjab Kings 180/8 (20 overs) |
v |
Chennai Super Kings 126 (18 overs) |
- Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
Lucknow Super Giants 169/7 (20 overs) |
v |
Sunrisers Hyderabad 157/9 (20 overs) |
- Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
Rajasthan Royals 169/3 (20 overs) |
v |
Royal Challengers Bangalore 173/6 (19.1 overs) |
- Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.
Mumbai Indians 161/4 (20 overs) |
v |
Kolkata Knight Riders 162/5 (16 overs) |
- Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
- Pat Cummins (Kolkata Knight Riders) scored the joint-fastest half-century in the IPL (14 balls).[44]
Delhi Capitals 149/3 (20 overs) |
v |
Lucknow Super Giants 155/4 (19.4 overs) |
- Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to field.
Punjab Kings 189/9 (20 overs) |
v |
Gujarat Titans 190/4 (20 overs) |
- Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
Chennai Super Kings 154/7 (20 overs) |
v |
Sunrisers Hyderabad 155/2 (17.4 overs) |
- Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
Mumbai Indians 151/6 (20 overs) |
v |
Royal Challengers Bangalore 152/3 (18.3 overs) |
- Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.
Delhi Capitals 215/5 (20 overs) |
v |
Kolkata Knight Riders 171 (19.4 overs) |
- Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
Rajasthan Royals 165/6 (20 overs) |
v |
Lucknow Super Giants 162/8 (20 overs) |
- Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to field.
Gujarat Titans 162/7 (20 overs) |
v |
Sunrisers Hyderabad 168/2 (19.1 overs) |
- Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
Chennai Super Kings 216/4 (20 overs) |
v |
Royal Challengers Bangalore 193/9 (20 overs) |
- Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.
Punjab Kings 198/5 (20 overs) |
v |
Mumbai Indians 186/9 (20 overs) |
- Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
Gujarat Titans 192/4 (20 overs) |
v |
Rajasthan Royals 155/9 (20 overs) |
- Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field.
Kolkata Knight Riders 175/8 (20 overs) |
v |
Sunrisers Hyderabad 176/3 (17.5 overs) |
- Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
Lucknow Super Giants 199/4 (20 overs) |
v |
Mumbai Indians 181/9 (20 overs) |
- Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
Royal Challengers Bangalore 189/5 (20 overs) |
v |
Delhi Capitals 173/7 (20 overs) |
- Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
Punjab Kings 151 (20 overs) |
v |
Sunrisers Hyderabad 152/3 (18.5 overs) |
- Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
Chennai Super Kings 169/5 (20 overs) |
v |
Gujarat Titans 170/7 (19.5 overs) |
- Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field
Rajasthan Royals 217/5 (20 overs) |
v |
Kolkata Knight Riders 210 (19.4 overs) |
- Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
- Yuzvendra Chahal (Rajasthan Royals) took a hat-trick and a five-wicket haul.[45]
Royal Challengers Bangalore 181/6 (20 overs) |
v |
Lucknow Super Giants 163/8 (20 overs) |
- Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to field.
Punjab Kings 115 (20 overs) |
v |
Delhi Capitals 119/1 (10.3 overs) |
- Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
Mumbai Indians 155/7 (20 overs) |
v |
Chennai Super Kings 156/7 (20 overs) |
- Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
- Hrithik Shokeen (Mumbai Indians) made his T20 debut.
Rajasthan Royals 222/2 (20 overs) |
v |
Delhi Capitals 207/8 (20 overs) |
- Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
- Jos Buttler (Rajasthan Royals) became the second player to score consecutive hundreds in the IPL, after Shikhar Dhawan. Buttler also became the second player after Virat Kohli to score three or more centuries in a single IPL season.[46]
Gujarat Titans 156/9 (20 overs) |
v |
Kolkata Knight Riders 148/8 (20 overs) |
- Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to bat.
Royal Challengers Bangalore 68 (16.1 overs) |
v |
Sunrisers Hyderabad 72/1 (8 overs) |
- Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
Lucknow Super Giants 168/6 (20 overs) |
v |
Mumbai Indians 132/8 (20 overs) |
- Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
Punjab Kings 187/4 (20 overs) |
v |
Chennai Super Kings 176/6 (20 overs) |
- Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
Rajasthan Royals 144/8 (20 overs) |
v |
Royal Challengers Bangalore 115 (19.3 overs) |
- Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.
Sunrisers Hyderabad 195/6 (20 overs) |
v |
Gujarat Titans 199/5 (20 overs) |
- Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
- Umran Malik (Sunrisers Hyderabad) took his first five-wicket haul.[47]
Kolkata Knight Riders 146/9 (20 overs) |
v |
Delhi Capitals 150/6 (19 overs) |
- Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
- Harshit Rana (Kolkata Knight Riders) made his T20 debut.
Lucknow Super Giants 153/8 (20 overs) |
v |
Punjab Kings 133/8 (20 overs) |
- Punjab Kings won the toss and elected to field.
Royal Challengers Bangalore 170/6 (20 overs) |
v |
Gujarat Titans 174/4 (19.3 overs) |
- Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to bat.
Rajasthan Royals 158/6 (20 overs) |
v |
Mumbai Indians 161/5 (19.2 overs) |
- Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
Lucknow Super Giants 195/3 (20 overs) |
v |
Delhi Capitals 189/7 (20 overs) |
- Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to bat.
Chennai Super Kings 202/2 (20 overs) |
v |
Sunrisers Hyderabad 189/6 (20 overs) |
- Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
Rajasthan Royals 152/5 (20 overs) |
v |
Kolkata Knight Riders 158/3 (19.1 overs) |
- Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
Gujarat Titans 143/8 (20 overs) |
v |
Punjab Kings 145/2 (16 overs) |
- Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to bat.
Royal Challengers Bangalore 173/8 (20 overs) |
v |
Chennai Super Kings 160/8 (20 overs) |
- Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
Delhi Capitals 207/3 (20 overs) |
v |
Sunrisers Hyderabad 186/8 (20 overs) |
- Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
Mumbai Indians 177/6 (20 overs) |
v |
Gujarat Titans 172/5 (20 overs) |
- Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
Punjab Kings 189/5 (20 overs) |
v |
Rajasthan Royals 190/4 (19.4 overs) |
- Punjab Kings won the toss and elected to bat.
- Mumbai Indians were eliminated as a result of this match.[48]
Lucknow Super Giants 176/7 (20 overs) |
v |
Kolkata Knight Riders 101 (14.3 overs) |
- Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
Royal Challengers Bangalore 192/3 (20 overs) |
v |
Sunrisers Hyderabad 125 (19.2 overs) |
- Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to bat.
Chennai Super Kings 208/6 (20 overs) |
v |
Delhi Capitals 117 (17.4 overs) |
- Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
Kolkata Knight Riders 165/9 (20 overs) |
v |
Mumbai Indians 113 (17.3 overs) |
- Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
Gujarat Titans 144/4 (20 overs) |
v |
Lucknow Super Giants 82 (13.5 overs) |
- Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to bat.
- Gujarat Titans qualified for the playoffs as a result of this match.[49]
Rajasthan Royals 160/6 (20 overs) |
v |
Delhi Capitals 161/2 (18.1 overs) |
- Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
Chennai Super Kings 97 (16 overs) |
v |
Mumbai Indians 103/5 (14.5 overs) |
- Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
- Chennai Super Kings were eliminated as a result of this match.[50]
Punjab Kings 209/9 (20 overs) |
v |
Royal Challengers Bangalore 155/9 (20 overs) |
- Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.
Kolkata Knight Riders 177/6 (20 overs) |
v |
Sunrisers Hyderabad 123/8 (20 overs) |
- Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to bat.
Chennai Super Kings 133/5 (20 overs) |
v |
Gujarat Titans 137/3 (19.1 overs) |
- Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat.
- Gujarat Titans advanced to Qualifier 1 as a result of this match.
Rajasthan Royals 178/6 (20 overs) |
v |
Lucknow Super Giants 154/8 (20 overs) |
- Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to bat.
Delhi Capitals 159/7 (20 overs) |
v |
Punjab Kings 142/9 (20 overs) |
- Punjab Kings won the toss and elected to field.
Sunrisers Hyderabad 193/6 (20 overs) |
v |
Mumbai Indians 190/7 (20 overs) |
- Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
Lucknow Super Giants 210/0 (20 overs) |
v |
Kolkata Knight Riders 208/8 (20 overs) |
Quinton de Kock 140* (70) |
- Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to bat.
- Lucknow Super Giants qualified for the playoffs and Kolkata Knight Riders were eliminated as a result of this match.[51]
- Quinton de Kock and KL Rahul (Lucknow Super Giants) scored the highest opening partnership in the IPL.[52]
Gujarat Titans 168/5 (20 overs) |
v |
Royal Challengers Bangalore 170/2 (18.4 overs) |
- Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to bat.
- Punjab Kings and Sunrisers Hyderabad were eliminated as a result of the match.[53]
Chennai Super Kings 150/6 (20 overs) |
v |
Rajasthan Royals 151/5 (19.4 overs) |
- Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat.
- Rajasthan Royals qualified for the playoffs (Qualifier 1) as a result of this match.[54]
Delhi Capitals 159/7 (20 overs) |
v |
Mumbai Indians 160/5 (19.1 overs) |
- Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
- Royal Challengers Bangalore qualified for the playoffs and Delhi Capitals were eliminated as a result of this match.[55]
Sunrisers Hyderabad 157/8 (20 overs) |
v |
Punjab Kings 160/5 (15.1 overs) |
- Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
Playoffs
Summarize
Perspective
The final took place on 29 May 2022.[56] The full schedule for the playoffs was announced on 23 April 2022.[57]
Qualifier 1 / Eliminator | Qualifier 2 | Final | |||||||||||
24 May 2022 - Eden Gardens | 29 May 2022 — Narendra Modi Stadium | ||||||||||||
1 | Gujarat Titans | 191/3 (19.3 overs) | Q1W | Gujarat Titans | 133/3 (18.1 overs) | ||||||||
2 | Rajasthan Royals | 188/6 (20 overs) | 27 May 2022 — Narendra Modi Stadium | Q2W | Rajasthan Royals | 130/9 (20 overs) | |||||||
Q1L | Rajasthan Royals | 161/3 (18.1 overs) | |||||||||||
25 May 2022 - Eden Gardens | EW | Royal Challengers Bangalore | 157/8 (20 overs) | ||||||||||
3 | Lucknow Super Giants | 193/6 (20 overs) | |||||||||||
4 | Royal Challengers Bangalore | 207/4 (20 overs) | |||||||||||
Qualifier 1
Rajasthan Royals 188/6 (20 overs) |
v |
Gujarat Titans 191/3 (19.3 overs) |
- Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
Eliminator
Royal Challengers Bangalore 207/4 (20 overs) |
v |
Lucknow Super Giants 193/6 (20 overs) |
- Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to field.
Qualifier 2
Royal Challengers Bangalore 157/8 (20 overs) |
v |
Rajasthan Royals 161/3 (18.1 overs) |
- Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field.
Final
Rajasthan Royals 130/9 (20 overs) |
v |
Gujarat Titans 133/3 (18.1 overs) |
- Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to bat.
- This match got the Guinness Book of World Records for having the highest recorded match attendance at 101,566 spectators.[58]
Statistics and awards
Most runs
Player | Team | Mat | Inns | Runs | High score | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jos Buttler | Rajasthan Royals | 17 | 17 | 863 | 116 | |||||||||
KL Rahul | Lucknow Super Giants | 15 | 15 | 616 | 103* | |||||||||
Quinton de Kock | Lucknow Super Giants | 15 | 15 | 508 | 140* | |||||||||
Hardik Pandya | Gujarat Titans | 15 | 15 | 487 | 87* | |||||||||
Shubman Gill | Gujarat Titans | 16 | 16 | 483 | 96 | |||||||||
Source: IPLT20.com |
- Orange Cap
Most wickets
Player | Team | Mat | Inns | Wkts | BBI | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yuzvendra Chahal | Rajasthan Royals | 17 | 17 | 27 | 5/40 | |||||||||
Wanindu Hasaranga | Royal Challengers Bangalore | 16 | 16 | 26 | 5/18 | |||||||||
Kagiso Rabada | Punjab Kings | 13 | 13 | 23 | 4/33 | |||||||||
Umran Malik | Sunrisers Hyderabad | 14 | 14 | 22 | 5/25 | |||||||||
Kuldeep Yadav | Delhi Capitals | 14 | 14 | 21 | 4/14 | |||||||||
Source: IPLT20.com |
- Purple Cap
End of the season awards
Player | Team | Award | Prize |
---|---|---|---|
Umran Malik | Sunrisers Hyderabad | Emerging player of the season | ₹10 lakh (US$11,000) |
Shubman Gill and Jos Buttler | Gujarat Titans and Rajasthan Royals | ₹10 lakh (US$11,000) and trophy Team fairplay award | ₹10 lakh (US$11,000) and trophy Team Emerging player award |
Evin Lewis | Lucknow Super Giants | Catch of the season | ₹10 lakh (US$11,000) and trophy |
Lockie Ferguson | Gujarat Titans | Fastest delivery of the season | ₹10 lakh (US$11,000) and trophy |
Jos Buttler | Rajasthan Royals | Gamechanger of the season | ₹10 lakh (US$11,000) and trophy |
Dinesh Karthik | Royal Challengers Bangalore | Super striker of the season | ₹10 lakh (US$11,000), trophy and a car |
Jos Buttler | Rajasthan Royals | Most sixes | ₹10 lakh (US$11,000) and trophy |
Jos Buttler | Rajasthan Royals | Most fours | ₹10 lakh (US$11,000) and trophy |
Jos Buttler | Rajasthan Royals | Player of the season | ₹10 lakh (US$11,000) and trophy |
Yuzvendra Chahal | Rajasthan Royals | Purple cap (most wickets) | ₹10 lakh (US$11,000) |
Jos Buttler | Rajasthan Royals | Orange cap (most runs) | ₹10 lakh (US$11,000) |
- Source:[59]
References
External links
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