1678 - Wikiwand

1678 (MDCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1678th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 678th year of the 2nd millennium, the 78th year of the 17th century, and the 9th year of the 1670s decade. As of the start of 1678, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Quick Facts

1678 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1678 MDCLXXVIII
Ab urbe condita	2431
Armenian calendar	1127 ԹՎ ՌՃԻԷ
Assyrian calendar	6428
Balinese saka calendar	1599–1600
Bengali calendar	1084–1085
Berber calendar	2628
English Regnal year	29 Cha. 2 – 30 Cha. 2
Buddhist calendar	2222
Burmese calendar	1040
Byzantine calendar	7186–7187
Chinese calendar	丁巳年 (Fire Snake) 4375 or 4168 — to — 戊午年 (Earth Horse) 4376 or 4169
Coptic calendar	1394–1395
Discordian calendar	2844
Ethiopian calendar	1670–1671
Hebrew calendar	5438–5439
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1734–1735
- Shaka Samvat	1599–1600
- Kali Yuga	4778–4779
Holocene calendar	11678
Igbo calendar	678–679
Iranian calendar	1056–1057
Islamic calendar	1088–1089
Japanese calendar	Enpō 6 (延宝６年)
Javanese calendar	1600–1601
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 10 days
Korean calendar	4011
Minguo calendar	234 before ROC 民前234年
Nanakshahi calendar	210
Thai solar calendar	2220–2221
Tibetan calendar	མེ་མོ་སྦྲུལ་ལོ་ (female Fire-Snake) 1804 or 1423 or 651 — to — ས་ཕོ་རྟ་ལོ་ (male Earth-Horse) 1805 or 1424 or 652

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Events

January–March

January 10 – England and the Dutch Republic sign a mutual defense treaty in order to fight against France.
January 27 – The first fire engine company in North America goes into service in Boston.^[1]
February 18 – The first part of English nonconformist preacher John Bunyan's Christian allegory The Pilgrim's Progress is published in London.^[2]
March 21 – Thomas Shadwell's comedy A True Widow is given its first performance, at The Duke's Theatre in London, staged by the Duke's Company.^[3]
March 23 – Revolt of the Three Feudatories in southern China: rebel general Wu Sangui, lord of the Yunnan fief, takes the imperial crown, names himself monarch of "The Great Zhou", based in the Hunan province, with Hengyang as his capital. He contracts dysentery over the summer and dies on October 2, ending the rebellion against the Kangxi Emperor.^[4]^[5]
March 25 – The Spanish Netherlands city of Ypres falls after a seven-day siege by the French Army. It is later returned to the Netherlands and eventually becomes part of Belgium.
March 28 – The nova V529 Orionis is discovered by Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius (Jan Heweliusz).^[6]

April–June

April 2 – Ignatius Gregory Peter VI Shahbaddin is enthroned as the Patriarch of the Syriac Catholic Church in Aleppo, after receiving recognition by Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV and by Pope Innocent XI.
April 12 – The Treaty of Casco Bay is signed between officials of the Province of New York and the Penobscot tribe and the Wabanaki Confederacy, bringing an end to further fighting that has happened in the two years since the end of King Philip's War in the modern-day U.S. state of Maine. Under the terms of the treaty, English settlers pay rent to the Penobscots and are given back farm land that had been confiscated in the war, while the English settlers agree to respect the Penobscot land rights.^[7]
May 11 – French admiral Jean d'Estrees runs his whole fleet aground in either the Las Aves Archipelago or Isla de Aves, intending to reach Curaçao.^[8]
June 10 – French buccaneer Michel de Grammont arrives at Spanish-held Venezuela with six pirate ships, 13 smaller craft, and 2,000 men in a daring raid on the South American territory, then leads half of his force inward toward Maracaibo, which he takes on June 14. During the rest of the month, he and his soldiers march inland as far as Trujillo. Grammont and his pirates finally depart on December 3.^[9]
June 25 – Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia becomes the first woman to be awarded a university degree, a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Padua.^[10]

July–September

July 23 – The Battle of Ortenbach, one of the last major engagements of the Franco-Dutch War, takes place near Offenburg at the Rhine river in southwestern Germany, as French forces under the command of François de Créquy overwhelm a larger force of Holy Roman Empire troops commanded by the Duke of Lorraine, Karl V Leopold.
July 29 – Muhammad Azam Shah is appointed as the Mughal Governor of Bengal by his father, the Emperor Aurangzeb, but serves for a little more than a year before being recalled from Dhaka.^[11]
August 10 – The Treaties of Nijmegen end the Franco-Dutch War.^[12] The County of Burgundy is ceded to the Kingdom of France.^[13]
August 14–15 – The Battle of Saint-Denis is fought after the signing of peace in the Franco-Dutch War.^[14]
August 21 – On the island of Java in modern-day Indonesia, the Kediri campaign begins as Mataram Sultanate and Dutch East India Company (VOC) forces under the command of VOC Captain François Tack begin marching from Jepara toward Kediri to suppress the Trunajaya rebellion that had driven out the Mataram Sultan. They are joined by two other columns of troops over the next fortnight.
September 5 – Sultan Amangkurat II of Mataram sets off from Jepara with the main force in the Kediri campaign, leading native troops, along with VOC forces under the command of Anthonio Hurdt, leader of the campaign.^[15]
September 6 – Titus Oates begins to present allegations of the "Popish Plot", a supposed Roman Catholic conspiracy to assassinate king Charles II of England.^[16] Oates applies the term Tory to those who disbelieve his allegations.
September 17 – The Franco-Dutch War between the Kingdom of France and the Dutch Republic (and its allies) comes to an end after more than six years as the Treaties of Nijmegen bring about a ceasefire.^[17]

October–December

October 17 – English magistrate Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey is found murdered in Primrose Hill, London.^[18] His death is seen as proof of the "Popish Plot" to the public.^[19]
November 11 (November 1 O.S.) – England's House of Commons votes to begin impeachment proceedings against five Roman Catholic members of the House of Lords, Viscount Stafford, the Marquess of Powis, Baron Arundell, Baron Petre and Baron Belasyse accused by Protestant members as participating in a "Popish Plot". Viscount Stafford is convicted and executed, while the other four are imprisoned in the Tower of London for more than five years.
November 25 – The Kediri campaign is successfully concluded in Indonesia as Anthonio Hurdt and Sultan Amangkurat II capture Kediri and force the rebel Prince Trunajaya to flee.
November 26 – William Staley, an English banker and a Roman Catholic, becomes the first person to be executed in connection with the "Popish Plot" arrests.^[20]^[21]
December 1 – The Test Act provides that members of both the House of Lords and House of Commons of England must swear an anti-Catholic oath, before taking office.^[22]