1816 - Wikiwand

1816 (MDCCCXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1816th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 816th year of the 2nd millennium, the 16th year of the 19th century, and the 7th year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1816, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

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Quick facts

1816 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1816 MDCCCXVI
Ab urbe condita	2569
Armenian calendar	1265 ԹՎ ՌՄԿԵ
Assyrian calendar	6566
Balinese saka calendar	1737–1738
Bengali calendar	1222–1223
Berber calendar	2766
British Regnal year	56 Geo. 3 – 57 Geo. 3
Buddhist calendar	2360
Burmese calendar	1178
Byzantine calendar	7324–7325
Chinese calendar	乙亥年 (Wood Pig) 4513 or 4306 — to — 丙子年 (Fire Rat) 4514 or 4307
Coptic calendar	1532–1533
Discordian calendar	2982
Ethiopian calendar	1808–1809
Hebrew calendar	5576–5577
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1872–1873
- Shaka Samvat	1737–1738
- Kali Yuga	4916–4917
Holocene calendar	11816
Igbo calendar	816–817
Iranian calendar	1194–1195
Islamic calendar	1231–1232
Japanese calendar	Bunka 13 (文化１３年)
Javanese calendar	1742–1744
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar	4149
Minguo calendar	96 before ROC 民前96年
Nanakshahi calendar	348
Thai solar calendar	2358–2359
Tibetan calendar	ཤིང་མོ་ཕག་ལོ་ (female Wood-Boar) 1942 or 1561 or 789 — to — མེ་ཕོ་བྱི་བ་ལོ་ (male Fire-Rat) 1943 or 1562 or 790

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This year was known as the Year Without a Summer, because of low temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere, possibly the result of the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia, causing severe global cooling, catastrophic in some locations.^[1]

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Events

January–March

January 6 – (December 25, 1815 on the Russian Julian calendar): Tsar Alexander I of Russia signs an order, expelling the Jesuits from St. Petersburg and Moscow.^[2]
January 9 –
- Sir Humphry Davy's Davy lamp is first tested underground as a coal mining safety lamp, at Hebburn Colliery in northeast England;^[3]
- Ludwig van Beethoven wins the custody battle for his nephew Karl.
January 17 – Fire nearly destroys the city of St. John's, Newfoundland.
February 10 – Friedrich Karl Ludwig, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, dies and is succeeded by Friedrich Wilhelm, his son and founder of the House of Glücksburg.
February 20 – Gioachino Rossini's opera buffa The Barber of Seville premières at the Teatro Argentina in Rome.
March 1 – The Gorkha War between the United Kingdom and Nepal is ended after more than a year by the ratification of the Treaty of Sugauli, with Nepal ceding about one-third of its territory to British Indian control.^[4]
March 16 – U.S. Secretary of State James Monroe is nominated by a caucus of Democratic-Republican Party members of Congress, to be its party's representative in the U.S. presidential election; Monroe receives 65 votes, and Secretary of War William H. Crawford receives 54 votes.^[5]
March 21 – The Institut de France is reorganized by King Louis XVIII into four royal academies: a revived Académie française; the Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres; the Royal Academy of Sciences; and the Académie des Beaux-Arts.^[6]
March 22 – The United States signs a treaty with the Cherokee Nation, acknowledging that it will return land in Alabama and Georgia that had been illegally ceded to the U.S. in 1814 by the Creek Nation; General Andrew Jackson refuses to honor the treaty, and uses the controversy as a justification for removing Indians from the southeastern United States.^[7]

April–June

March 29–April 10 – The Second Bank of the United States obtains its charter.
March 30–April 11 – In Philadelphia, the African Methodist Episcopal Church is established by Richard Allen and other African-American Methodists, the first such denomination in the U.S. completely independent of White churches.
April 28 – The French Caisse des dépôts et consignations, a public investment body, is created by Louis XVIII.^[8]
April – Banjul, capital of the Gambia, is founded as a trading post named Bathurst.^[9]
May 2 – Leopold of Saxe-Coburg (later King of the Belgians) marries Charlotte Augusta, daughter of the Prince Regent, at Carlton House in London.
May 8 – Divorce is abolished in France by the Chambre introuvable, after having been permitted following the French Revolution.^[10]
June 4 (N.S.) (May 23 O.S.) – The Governorate of Estonia of the Russian Empire emancipates its peasants from serfdom.
June 16 – The Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace is founded in London.^[11]
June 19 – Battle of Seven Oaks: The Hudson's Bay Company is defeated by the North West Company, near Winnipeg, Canada.

July–September

July 2 – The French frigate Medusa runs aground off the coast of Senegal, with 140 lives lost in the botched rescue that takes weeks, leading to a scandal in the French government.^[12]
July 9 – The United Provinces of South America (today Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia and southern Brazil) declares independence from Spain.
August 12–24 – The Treaty of St. Louis, between the United States and the Council of Three Fires tribes, is signed in St. Louis.
August 14 – The United Kingdom formally annexes the Tristan da Cunha archipelago in the southern Atlantic Ocean, ruling it from the Cape Colony.
August 27 – Bombardment of Algiers: An anglo-Dutch fleet forces Omar Agha, Dey of Algiers to free Christian slaves.
September 3 – Pope Pius VII sends a directive to Stanisław Bohusz Siestrzeńcewicz, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Mohilev, advising Siestrzeńcewicz not to continue the Russian Bible Society's plans to circulate the Scriptures written in the Russian language, commenting that "if the Sacred Scriptures were allowed in the vulgar tongue, more detriment than benefit would arise."^[13]
September 6 – King Louis XVIII dissolves the Chambre introuvable, the legislature that had been elected after the Second Bourbon Restoration re-established the old monarchy.^[14]

October–December

October 21 – Penang Free School is founded by Rev. Sparke Hutchings, on the island of Penang (in modern-day Malaysia).
November 1–December 3 – 1816 United States presidential election: James Monroe defeats Rufus King.
November 10 – The British troop transport Harpooner, returning from Quebec to Britain, is wrecked at Cape Pine on Newfoundland (island) with the loss of 208 of the 385 people on board.^[15]
November 19 – The University of Warsaw is established.
December 11 – Indiana is admitted as the 19th U.S. state.^[16]
December 12 – The thrones of Sicily and Naples are merged into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, under King Ferdinand I.
December 9–21 – The American Colonization Society is established, to support the emigration of free African Americans to Africa.

Date unknown

Saint Pierre and Miquelon resettled.^[17]
René Laennec invents the stethoscope.
Robert Stirling patents his Stirling engine, at this time known as "Stirling's air engine", in the United Kingdom.
E. Remington and Sons, the firearm and later typewriter manufacturing company, is founded in the United States.
Mutuelle de L'assurance contre L'incendie ("L'Anciente Mutuelle"), predecessor of Axa, the global insurance and financial services company, is founded in Rouen, France.^[18]