Aeshna

Aeshna,^[2] or the mosaic darners, is a genus of dragonflies from the family Aeshnidae. Species within this genus are generally known as "hawkers" (Old World) or "darners" (New World).

Aeshna Temporal range: Late Eocene to present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Southern hawker (Aeshna cyanea)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Odonata
Infraorder:	Anisoptera
Family:	Aeshnidae
Subfamily:	Aeshninae
Genus:	Aeshna Fabricius, 1775[1]
Species
See text

A. petalura female laying eggs
Phulchowki, Nepal

A. petalura female laying eggs
Phulchowki, Nepal

Description

These are relatively large dragonflies. Their thoraces and abdomens are brown in color, with blue or yellow stripes or spots on the thorax, and yellow, blue or green spots on the abdomen.

Natalia von Ellenrieder's 2003 paper demonstrated that the Holarctic and Neotropical species placed in this genus did not share a common ancestor, and proposed the latter be placed in the genus Rhionaeschna.

The name Aeshna was coined by the Danish entomologist Fabricius in the 18th century. The name may have resulted from a printer's error in spelling the Greek Aechma, "a spear".^[3] The spelling Aeschna has been intermittently used over a period of time, but is now abandoned for the original name Aeshna. However, derived genus names (such as Rhionaeschna) retain the 'sch' spelling, as this is how they were first cited.

Species

Many species formerly included in Aeshna have been split into other genera, including Afroaeschna, Andaeschna, Pinheyschna, Rhionaeschna, and Zosteraeschna.^[4]

The genus Aeshna includes these species:^[4]

• Aeshna affinis Van der Linden, 1820 – southern migrant hawker,^[5] blue-eyed hawker^[2]
• Aeshna athalia Needham, 1930
• Aeshna caerulea (Ström, 1783) – azure hawker^[5]
• Aeshna canadensis Walker, 1908 – Canada darner^[6]
• Aeshna clepsydra Say, 1839 – mottled darner^[6]
• Aeshna constricta Say, 1839 – lance-tipped darner^[6]
• Aeshna crenata Hagen, 1856 – Siberian hawker^[2]
• Aeshna cyanea (Müller, 1764) – blue hawker,^[2] southern hawker^[5]
• Aeshna eremita Scudder, 1866 – lake darner^[6]
• Aeshna frontalis Navás, 1936
• Aeshna grandis (Linnaeus, 1758) – brown hawker^[5]
• Aeshna interrupta Walker, 1908 – variable darner^[6]
• Aeshna isoceles (Muller, 1767) – Norfolk Hawker
• Aeshna juncea (Linnaeus, 1758) – common hawker,^[5] sedge darner,^[6] moorland hawker^[2]
• Aeshna mixta Latreille, 1805 – migrant hawker^[5]
• Aeshna palmata Hagen, 1856 – paddle-tailed darner^[6]
• Aeshna persephone Donnelly, 1961 – Persephone's darner^[6]
• Aeshna petalura Martin, 1909
• Aeshna septentrionalis Burmeister, 1839 – azure darner^[6]
• Aeshna serrata Hagen, 1856 – Baltic hawker^[2]
• Aeshna shennong Zhang & Cai, 2014
• Aeshna sitchensis Hagen, 1861 – zigzag darner^[6]
• Aeshna soneharai Asahina, 1988^[7]
• Aeshna subarctica Walker, 1908 – bog hawker,^[2] subarctic darner^[8]
• Aeshna tuberculifera Walker, 1908 – black-tipped darner^[6]
• Aeshna umbrosa Walker, 1908 – shadow darner^[6]
• Aeshna vercanica Schneider, Schneider, Schneider, Verstraete & Dumont, 2015
• Aeshna verticalis Hagen, 1861 – green-striped darner^[6]
• Aeshna viridis Eversmann, 1836 – green hawker^[2]
• Aeshna walkeri Kennedy, 1917 – Walker's darner^[6]
• Aeshna williamsoniana Calvert, 1905 – Williamson's darner^[9]

Fossil species

Aeshna andancensis holotype wing

Note that many fossil species in the genus were named at a time when many extant species now included in other genera were included in Aeshna.^[4] The list of valid fossil species is based on Nel et al (2022), with species of uncertain validity noted:^[10][11]

• †Aeshna andancensis Nel & Brisac, 1994 – Late Miocene (Turolian), France
• †Aeshna caseneuvensis Nel et al., 2022 – earliest Oligocene (Rupelian) of France
• †Aeshna cerdanica Nel & Martínez-Delclòs, 1994 – Late Miocene (Vallesian), Spain
• ?†Aeshna dido Hagen, 1863 (Aeshnidae incertae sedis) – Late Oligocene, Rott Formation, Germany
• †Aeshna forficatum Li et al., 2011 – Middle Miocene, Shanwang Formation, China^[12]
• †Aeshna ghiandonii Gentilini & Peters, 1993 – Late Miocene (Messinian), Gessoso Formation, Italy
• ?†Aeshna heterofasciata Théobald, 1937 (Anisoptera incertae sedis) – Early Oligocene, Salt Formation, Germany
• †Aeshna ignivora Zhang, 1989 – Middle Miocene, Shanwang Formation, China^[13]
• ?†Aeshna larvata Scudder, 1890 (Anisoptera incertae sedis) – Late Eocene (Priabonian), Florissant Formation, Colorado
• †Aeshna messiniana Gentilini & Peters, 1993 – Late Miocene (Messinian), Gessoso Formation, Italy
• †Aeshna multicellulata Gentilini & Peters, 1993 – Late Miocene (Messinian), Gessoso Formation, Italy
• †Aeshna oligocenica Nel, 1994 – terminal Oligocene, Niveau du gypse d'Aix Formation, France
• †Aeshna ollivieri Nel, 1986 – Late Oligocene, Campagne-Calavon Formation, France
• ?†Aeshna paleocyanea Nel, 1987 (Aeshnidae incertae sedis) – Early Oligocene (Stampian), France
• †Aeshna shanwangensis Li et al., 2011 – Middle Miocene, Shanwang Formation, China^[12]
• †Aeshna solida Scudder, 1890 – Late Eocene (Priabonian), Florissant Formation, Colorado
• †Aeshna stavropolensis Nel et al., 2005 – Middle Miocene of North Caucasus, Russia^[14]
• ?†Aeshna theobaldi Piton, 1934 (Aeshnidae incertae sedis) – Early Pleistocene (Villafranchian), France
• ?†Aeshna tyche Heer, 1849 (Aeshnidae incertae sedis) – Late Miocene (Sarmatian), Upper Freshwater-Molasse Formation, Germany
• †Aeshna voesendorfensis Papp & Mandl, 1951 – Late Miocene (Messinian), Austria
• †Aeshna zlatkokvaceki Prokop et al., 2016 – Early Miocene of the Czech Republic^[15]