Auckland
Largest city in New Zealand From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Largest city in New Zealand From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Auckland (/ˈɔːklənd/ AWK-lənd;[6] Māori: Tāmaki Makaurau) is a large metropolitan city in the North Island of New Zealand. It has an urban population of about 1,478,800 (June 2023).[4] It is located in the greater Auckland Region, the area governed by Auckland Council, which includes outlying rural areas and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf, and which has a total population of 1,739,300 as of June 2023.[4] It is the most populous city of New Zealand and the fifth largest city in Oceania. While Europeans continue to make up the plurality of Auckland's population, the city became multicultural and cosmopolitan in the late-20th century, with Asians accounting for 31% of the city's population in 2018.[7] Auckland has the fourth largest foreign-born population in the world, with 39% of its residents born overseas.[8] With its large population of Pasifika New Zealanders, the city is also home to the biggest ethnic Polynesian population in the world.[9] The Māori-language name for Auckland is Tāmaki Makaurau, meaning "Tāmaki[clarification needed] desired by many", in reference to the desirability of its natural resources and geography.[10]
Auckland lies between the Hauraki Gulf to the east, the Hunua Ranges to the south-east, the Manukau Harbour to the south-west, and the Waitākere Ranges and smaller ranges to the west and north-west. The surrounding hills are covered in rainforest and the landscape is dotted with 53 volcanic centres that make up the Auckland Volcanic Field. The central part of the urban area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitematā Harbour on the Pacific Ocean. Auckland is one of the few cities in the world to have a harbour on each of two separate major bodies of water.
The Auckland isthmus was first settled c. 1350 and was valued for its rich and fertile land. The Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans.[11] After a British colony was established in New Zealand in 1840, William Hobson, then Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand, chose Auckland as its new capital. Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei made a strategic gift of land to Hobson for the new capital. Hobson named the area after George Eden, Earl of Auckland, British First Lord of the Admiralty. Māori–European conflict over land in the region led to war in the mid-19th century. In 1865, Auckland was replaced by Wellington as the capital, but continued to grow, initially because of its port and the logging and gold-mining activities in its hinterland, and later because of pastoral farming (especially dairy farming) in the surrounding area, and manufacturing in the city itself.[12] It has been the nation's largest city throughout most of its history. Today, Auckland's central business district is New Zealand's leading economic hub.
The University of Auckland, founded in 1883, is the largest university in New Zealand. The city's significant tourist attractions include national historic sites, festivals, performing arts, sports activities and a variety of cultural institutions, such as the Auckland War Memorial Museum, the Museum of Transport and Technology, and the Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki. Its architectural landmarks include the Harbour Bridge, the Town Hall, the Ferry Building and the Sky Tower, which is the second-tallest building in the Southern Hemisphere after Thamrin Nine.[13] The city is served by Auckland Airport, which handles around 2 million international passengers a month. Despite being one of the most expensive cities in the world,[14] Auckland is one of the world's most liveable cities, ranking third in the 2019 Mercer Quality of Living Survey and at first place in a 2021 ranking of the Global Liveability Ranking by The Economist.[15][16][17]
The Auckland isthmus was settled by Māori around 1350, and was valued for its rich and fertile land. Many pā (fortified villages) were created, mainly on the volcanic peaks. By the early 1700s, Te Waiohua, a confederation of tribes such as Ngā Oho, Ngā Riki and Ngā Iwi, became the main influential force on the Auckland isthmus,[19][20] with major pā located at Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill, Māngere Mountain and Maungataketake.[21] The confederation came to an end around 1741, when paramount chief Kiwi Tāmaki was killed in battle by Ngāti Whātua hapū Te Taoū chief Te Waha-akiaki.[22] From the 1740s onwards, Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei became the major influential force on the Auckland isthmus.[19] The Māori population in the area is estimated to have been about 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans.[23][24] The introduction of firearms at the end of the eighteenth century, which began in Northland, upset the balance of power and led to devastating intertribal warfare beginning in 1807, causing iwi who lacked the new weapons to seek refuge in areas less exposed to coastal raids. As a result, the region had relatively low numbers of Māori when settlement by European New Zealanders began.[25][26]
On 20 March 1840 in the Manukau Harbour area where Ngāti Whātua farmed, paramount chief Apihai Te Kawau signed the Treaty of Waitangi.[27] Ngāti Whātua sought British protection from Ngāpuhi as well as a reciprocal relationship with the Crown and the Church. Soon after signing the treaty, Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei made a strategic gift of 3,500 acres (1,400 ha) of land on the Waitematā Harbour to the new Governor of New Zealand, William Hobson, for the new capital, which Hobson named for George Eden, Earl of Auckland, then Viceroy of India.[28][29][30] Auckland was founded on 18 September 1840 and was officially declared New Zealand's capital in 1841,[31][32] and the transfer of the administration from Russell (now Old Russell) in the Bay of Islands was completed in 1842. However, even in 1840 Port Nicholson (later renamed Wellington) was seen as a better choice for an administrative capital because of its proximity to the South Island, and Wellington became the capital in 1865. After losing its status as capital, Auckland remained the principal city of the Auckland Province until the provincial system was abolished in 1876.[33]
In response to the ongoing rebellion by Hōne Heke in the mid-1840s, the government encouraged retired but fit British soldiers and their families to migrate to Auckland to form a defence line around the port settlement as garrison soldiers. By the time the first Fencibles arrived in 1848, the Northern War had concluded. Outlying defensive towns were then constructed to the south, stretching in a line from the port village of Onehunga in the west to Howick in the east. Each of the four settlements had about 800 settlers; the men were fully armed in case of emergency, but spent nearly all their time breaking in the land and establishing roads.[citation needed]
In the early 1860s, Auckland became a base against the Māori King Movement,[35] and the 12,000 Imperial soldiers stationed there led to a strong boost to local commerce.[36] This, and continued road building towards the south into the Waikato region, enabled Pākehā (European New Zealanders) influence to spread from Auckland. The city's population grew fairly rapidly, from 1,500 in 1841 to 3,635 in 1845,[36] then to 12,423 by 1864. The growth occurred similarly to other mercantile-dominated cities, mainly around the port and with problems of overcrowding and pollution. Auckland's population of ex-soldiers was far greater than that of other settlements: about 50 per cent of the population was Irish, which contrasted heavily with the majority English settlers in Wellington, Christchurch or New Plymouth. The majority of settlers in the early period were assisted by receiving cheap passage to New Zealand.[37]
Trams and railway lines shaped Auckland's rapid expansion in the early first half of the 20th century. However, after the Second World War, the city's transport system and urban form became increasingly dominated by the motor vehicle.[citation needed] Arterial roads and motorways became both defining and geographically dividing features of the urban landscape. They also allowed further massive expansion that resulted in the growth of suburban areas such as the North Shore (especially after the construction of the Auckland Harbour Bridge in the late 1950s), and Manukau City in the south.[38]
Economic deregulation in the mid-1980s led to very dramatic changes to Auckland's economy, and many companies relocated their head offices from Wellington to Auckland. The region was now the nerve centre of the entire national economy. Auckland also benefited from a surge in tourism, which brought 75 per cent of New Zealand's international visitors through its airport. Auckland's port handled 31 per cent of the country's container trade in 2015.[39]
The face of urban Auckland changed when the government's immigration policy began allowing immigrants from Asia in 1986. This has led to Auckland becoming a multicultural city, with people of all ethnic backgrounds. According to the 1961 census data, Māori and Pacific Islanders comprised 5 per cent of Auckland's population; Asians less than 1 per cent.[40] By 2006, the Asian population had reached 18.0 per cent in Auckland, and 36.2 per cent in the central city. New arrivals from Hong Kong, Taiwan and Korea gave a distinctive character to the areas where they clustered, while a range of other immigrants introduced mosques, Hindu temples, halal butchers and ethnic restaurants to the suburbs.[39]
The boundaries of Auckland are imprecisely defined. The Auckland urban area, as it is defined by Statistics New Zealand under the Statistical Standard for Geographic Areas 2018 (SSGA18), spans 607.07 square kilometres (234.39 sq mi) and extends to Long Bay in the north, Swanson in the north-west, and Runciman in the south.[3] Auckland's functional urban area (commuting zone) extends from just south of Warkworth in the north to Meremere in the south, incorporating the Hibiscus Coast in the northeast, Helensville, Parakai, Muriwai, Waimauku, Kumeū-Huapai, and Riverhead in the northwest, Beachlands-Pine Harbour and Maraetai in the east, and Pukekohe, Clarks Beach, Patumāhoe, Waiuku, Tuakau and Pōkeno (the latter two in the Waikato region) in the south.[41] Auckland forms New Zealand's largest urban area.[4]
The Auckland urban area lies within the Auckland Region, an administrative region that takes its name from the city. The region encompasses the city centre, as well as suburbs, surrounding towns, nearshore islands, and rural areas north and south of the urban area.[42]
The Auckland central business district is the most built-up area of the region. The CBD covers 433 hectares (1,070 acres) in a triangular area,[43] and is bounded by the Auckland waterfront on the Waitematā Harbour[44] and the inner-city suburbs of Ponsonby, Newton and Parnell.[43]
The central areas of the city are located on the Auckland isthmus, less than two kilometres wide at its narrowest point, between Māngere Inlet and the Tamaki River. There are two harbours surrounding this isthmus: Waitematā Harbour to the north, which extends east to the Hauraki Gulf and thence to the Pacific Ocean, and Manukau Harbour to the south, which opens west to the Tasman Sea.
Bridges span parts of both harbours, notably the Auckland Harbour Bridge crossing the Waitematā Harbour west of the central business district. The Māngere Bridge and the Upper Harbour Bridge span the upper reaches of the Manukau and Waitematā Harbours, respectively. In earlier times, portages crossed the narrowest sections of the isthmus.[45][46]
Several islands of the Hauraki Gulf are administered as part of the Auckland Region, though they are not part of the Auckland urban area. Parts of Waiheke Island effectively function as Auckland suburbs, while various smaller islands near Auckland are mostly zoned 'recreational open space' or are nature sanctuaries.[citation needed]
Under the Köppen climate classification, Auckland has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). However, under the Trewartha climate classification and according to the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), the city's climate is classified as humid subtropical climate with warm summers and mild winters (Trewartha climate classification Cfbl).[47][48] It is the warmest main centre of New Zealand. The average daily maximum temperature is 23.7 °C (74.7 °F) in February and 14.7 °C (58.5 °F) in July. The maximum recorded temperature is 34.4 °C (93.9 °F) on 12 February 2009,[49] while the minimum is −3.9 °C (25.0 °F), although there is also an unofficial low of −5.7 °C (21.7 °F) recorded at Riverhead Forest in June 1936.[50]
Snowfall is extremely rare: the most significant fall since the start of the 20th century was on 27 July 1939, when snow fell just before dawn and five centimetres (2 in) of snow reportedly lay on Mount Eden.[51][52] Snowflakes were also seen on 28 July 1930 and 15 August 2011.[53][54][55]
Frosts in Auckland are infrequent and often localised. Henderson Riverpark receives an annual average of 27.4 ground frosts per year, while Auckland Airport receives an annual average of 8.7 ground frosts per year.[56]
Average sea temperature around Auckland varies throughout the year. The water temperature is warmest in February when it averages 21 °C (70 °F), while in August, the water temperature is at its coolest, averaging 14 °C (57 °F).[57]
Prevailing winds in Auckland are predominantly from the southwest. The mean annual wind speed for Auckland Airport is 18 kilometres per hour (11 mph).[58] During the summer months there is often a sea breeze in Auckland which starts in the morning and dies down again in the evening.[59] The early morning calm on the isthmus during settled weather, before the sea breeze rises, was described as early as 1853: "In all seasons, the beauty of the day is in the early morning. At that time, generally, a solemn stillness holds, and a perfect calm prevails...".[60]
Fog is a common occurrence for Auckland, especially in autumn and winter. Whenuapai Airport experiences an average of 44 fog days per year.[61]
Auckland occasionally suffers from air pollution due to fine particle emissions.[62] There are also occasional breaches of guideline levels of carbon monoxide.[63] While maritime winds normally disperse the pollution relatively quickly it can sometimes become visible as smog, especially on calm winter days.[64]
Climate data for Auckland Airport (17km S of Auckland, 7m ASL, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1962–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 30.0 (86.0) |
30.5 (86.9) |
29.8 (85.6) |
26.5 (79.7) |
24.6 (76.3) |
23.8 (74.8) |
19.6 (67.3) |
21.0 (69.8) |
23.0 (73.4) |
23.6 (74.5) |
25.9 (78.6) |
28.3 (82.9) |
30.5 (86.9) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 27.4 (81.3) |
27.8 (82.0) |
26.0 (78.8) |
24.0 (75.2) |
21.2 (70.2) |
18.9 (66.0) |
17.7 (63.9) |
18.2 (64.8) |
19.9 (67.8) |
21.3 (70.3) |
23.3 (73.9) |
25.8 (78.4) |
28.3 (82.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 23.9 (75.0) |
24.4 (75.9) |
22.9 (73.2) |
20.4 (68.7) |
17.7 (63.9) |
15.5 (59.9) |
14.6 (58.3) |
15.2 (59.4) |
16.5 (61.7) |
17.9 (64.2) |
19.6 (67.3) |
22.0 (71.6) |
19.2 (66.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 20.0 (68.0) |
20.5 (68.9) |
18.9 (66.0) |
16.6 (61.9) |
14.2 (57.6) |
12.1 (53.8) |
11.2 (52.2) |
11.7 (53.1) |
13.1 (55.6) |
14.6 (58.3) |
16.2 (61.2) |
18.5 (65.3) |
15.6 (60.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 16.1 (61.0) |
16.6 (61.9) |
14.9 (58.8) |
12.8 (55.0) |
10.8 (51.4) |
8.7 (47.7) |
7.7 (45.9) |
8.3 (46.9) |
9.7 (49.5) |
11.3 (52.3) |
12.8 (55.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
12.1 (53.8) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | 11.6 (52.9) |
12.4 (54.3) |
10.6 (51.1) |
7.4 (45.3) |
4.9 (40.8) |
2.6 (36.7) |
2.0 (35.6) |
3.2 (37.8) |
4.6 (40.3) |
6.7 (44.1) |
8.3 (46.9) |
10.5 (50.9) |
1.5 (34.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | 5.6 (42.1) |
8.7 (47.7) |
6.6 (43.9) |
3.9 (39.0) |
0.9 (33.6) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
1.7 (35.1) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
4.4 (39.9) |
7.0 (44.6) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 58.1 (2.29) |
63.1 (2.48) |
75.0 (2.95) |
87.1 (3.43) |
119.8 (4.72) |
119.4 (4.70) |
136.9 (5.39) |
117.2 (4.61) |
100.1 (3.94) |
91.6 (3.61) |
68.9 (2.71) |
81.7 (3.22) |
1,118.9 (44.05) |
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.8 | 6.5 | 7.7 | 9.6 | 13.0 | 14.3 | 15.2 | 14.7 | 12.5 | 11.5 | 9.3 | 9.0 | 130.1 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 76.8 | 80.1 | 82.1 | 83.1 | 86.5 | 87.7 | 87.7 | 85.0 | 80.7 | 79.7 | 76.1 | 76.6 | 81.8 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 240.3 | 203.4 | 200.8 | 169.3 | 149.1 | 126.1 | 133.9 | 153.7 | 159.0 | 180.5 | 203.8 | 201.9 | 2,121.8 |
Average ultraviolet index | 12 | 11 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 7 |
Source 1: NIWA Climate Data[65][66] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: MetService[67][68][69] |
Climate data for Henderson North (13km W of Auckland, 7m ASL, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1985–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 31.8 (89.2) |
34.0 (93.2) |
30.1 (86.2) |
29.4 (84.9) |
24.1 (75.4) |
24.5 (76.1) |
20.9 (69.6) |
25.5 (77.9) |
27.0 (80.6) |
26.0 (78.8) |
28.4 (83.1) |
30.8 (87.4) |
34.0 (93.2) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 29.3 (84.7) |
29.3 (84.7) |
27.8 (82.0) |
25.9 (78.6) |
22.4 (72.3) |
19.7 (67.5) |
18.7 (65.7) |
19.6 (67.3) |
21.4 (70.5) |
23.5 (74.3) |
25.4 (77.7) |
27.8 (82.0) |
30.1 (86.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 25.5 (77.9) |
25.9 (78.6) |
24.2 (75.6) |
21.5 (70.7) |
18.7 (65.7) |
16.2 (61.2) |
15.5 (59.9) |
16.3 (61.3) |
17.9 (64.2) |
19.4 (66.9) |
21.3 (70.3) |
23.5 (74.3) |
20.5 (68.9) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 19.9 (67.8) |
20.3 (68.5) |
18.6 (65.5) |
16.2 (61.2) |
13.8 (56.8) |
11.5 (52.7) |
10.6 (51.1) |
11.3 (52.3) |
12.9 (55.2) |
14.5 (58.1) |
16.2 (61.2) |
18.5 (65.3) |
15.4 (59.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 14.4 (57.9) |
14.8 (58.6) |
13.0 (55.4) |
10.9 (51.6) |
8.9 (48.0) |
6.8 (44.2) |
5.6 (42.1) |
6.3 (43.3) |
7.9 (46.2) |
9.6 (49.3) |
11.2 (52.2) |
13.4 (56.1) |
10.2 (50.4) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | 8.8 (47.8) |
9.5 (49.1) |
7.4 (45.3) |
4.3 (39.7) |
1.9 (35.4) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
0.0 (32.0) |
1.3 (34.3) |
3.5 (38.3) |
5.2 (41.4) |
7.6 (45.7) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | 5.6 (42.1) |
4.9 (40.8) |
2.3 (36.1) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
−4.1 (24.6) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
0.2 (32.4) |
2.5 (36.5) |
4.4 (39.9) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 70.7 (2.78) |
74.1 (2.92) |
90.7 (3.57) |
110.4 (4.35) |
140.3 (5.52) |
158.5 (6.24) |
178.3 (7.02) |
151.5 (5.96) |
133.0 (5.24) |
103.8 (4.09) |
88.7 (3.49) |
99.4 (3.91) |
1,399.4 (55.09) |
Source: NIWA [70][71][72] |
Climate data for Ardmore Airport (27km SE of Auckland, 41m ASL, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1969–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 31.5 (88.7) |
31.2 (88.2) |
30.0 (86.0) |
27.6 (81.7) |
24.1 (75.4) |
22.9 (73.2) |
19.8 (67.6) |
21.9 (71.4) |
22.0 (71.6) |
24.2 (75.6) |
28.0 (82.4) |
32.8 (91.0) |
32.8 (91.0) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 28.3 (82.9) |
28.5 (83.3) |
27.2 (81.0) |
24.9 (76.8) |
21.7 (71.1) |
19.5 (67.1) |
18.2 (64.8) |
18.3 (64.9) |
20.1 (68.2) |
21.7 (71.1) |
24.0 (75.2) |
26.7 (80.1) |
29.1 (84.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 24.8 (76.6) |
25.4 (77.7) |
23.8 (74.8) |
21.1 (70.0) |
18.4 (65.1) |
15.9 (60.6) |
15.2 (59.4) |
15.7 (60.3) |
17.1 (62.8) |
18.5 (65.3) |
20.4 (68.7) |
22.8 (73.0) |
19.9 (67.9) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 19.0 (66.2) |
19.5 (67.1) |
17.8 (64.0) |
15.5 (59.9) |
13.3 (55.9) |
11.1 (52.0) |
10.3 (50.5) |
10.7 (51.3) |
12.3 (54.1) |
13.8 (56.8) |
15.4 (59.7) |
17.7 (63.9) |
14.7 (58.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 13.2 (55.8) |
13.6 (56.5) |
11.8 (53.2) |
9.9 (49.8) |
8.1 (46.6) |
6.2 (43.2) |
5.4 (41.7) |
5.7 (42.3) |
7.5 (45.5) |
9.1 (48.4) |
10.3 (50.5) |
12.6 (54.7) |
9.5 (49.0) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | 7.6 (45.7) |
7.6 (45.7) |
5.8 (42.4) |
2.9 (37.2) |
1.1 (34.0) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
0.0 (32.0) |
1.3 (34.3) |
3.2 (37.8) |
4.2 (39.6) |
6.6 (43.9) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | 5.1 (41.2) |
3.8 (38.8) |
0.6 (33.1) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
1.1 (34.0) |
3.4 (38.1) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 68.2 (2.69) |
66.6 (2.62) |
80.3 (3.16) |
105.4 (4.15) |
123.9 (4.88) |
140.4 (5.53) |
144.0 (5.67) |
136.5 (5.37) |
113.8 (4.48) |
101.7 (4.00) |
88.6 (3.49) |
90.4 (3.56) |
1,259.8 (49.6) |
Source: NIWA (rain 1990–2016)[73] |
Climate data for North Shore (Albany) (12km N of Auckland, 64m ASL, 1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 23.3 (73.9) |
23.8 (74.8) |
22.4 (72.3) |
20.2 (68.4) |
17.9 (64.2) |
15.5 (59.9) |
14.5 (58.1) |
15.1 (59.2) |
16.3 (61.3) |
17.7 (63.9) |
19.4 (66.9) |
21.3 (70.3) |
19.0 (66.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 19.1 (66.4) |
19.8 (67.6) |
18.2 (64.8) |
16.0 (60.8) |
13.8 (56.8) |
11.8 (53.2) |
10.6 (51.1) |
11.2 (52.2) |
12.6 (54.7) |
13.8 (56.8) |
15.4 (59.7) |
17.4 (63.3) |
15.0 (59.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15.0 (59.0) |
15.7 (60.3) |
14.0 (57.2) |
11.8 (53.2) |
9.8 (49.6) |
8.0 (46.4) |
6.6 (43.9) |
7.2 (45.0) |
8.8 (47.8) |
9.9 (49.8) |
11.3 (52.3) |
13.5 (56.3) |
11.0 (51.7) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 67.0 (2.64) |
65.4 (2.57) |
87.5 (3.44) |
92.6 (3.65) |
118.0 (4.65) |
134.0 (5.28) |
145.4 (5.72) |
125.9 (4.96) |
106.4 (4.19) |
88.8 (3.50) |
70.9 (2.79) |
87.5 (3.44) |
1,189.4 (46.83) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 268.6 | 229.1 | 217.9 | 180.5 | 156.7 | 127.8 | 148.3 | 151.7 | 174.3 | 208.0 | 233.6 | 248.7 | 2,345.2 |
Source: NIWA[74] |
The city of Auckland straddles the Auckland Volcanic Field, an area which in the past, produced at least 53 small volcanic centres over the last ~193,000 years, represented by a range of surface features including maars (explosion craters), tuff rings, scoria cones, and lava flows.[75][76] It is fed entirely by basaltic magma sourced from the mantle at a depth of 70–90 km below the city,[75] and is unrelated to the explosive, subduction-driven volcanism of the Taupō Volcanic Zone in the Central North Island region of Aotearoa, New Zealand, ~250 km away. The Auckland Volcanic Field is considered to be a monogenetic volcanic field, with each volcano erupting only a single time, usually over a timeframe of weeks to years before cessation of activity.[76] Future eruptive activity remains a threat to the city, and will likely occur at a new, unknown location within the field.[75] The most recent activity occurred approximately 1450 AD at the Rangitoto Volcano.[75] This event was witnessed by Māori occupants of the area, making it the only eruption within the Auckland Volcanic Field thus far to have been observed by humans.
The Auckland Volcanic Field has contributed greatly to the growth and prosperity of the Auckland Region since the area was settled by humans. Initially, the maunga (scoria cones) were occupied and established as pā (fortified settlements) by Māori due to the strategic advantage their elevation provided in controlling resources and key portages between the Waitematā and Manukau harbours.[76] The rich volcanic soils found in these areas also proved ideal for the cultivation of crops, such as kūmara. Following European arrival, many of the maunga were transformed into quarries to supply the growing city with aggregate and building materials, and as a result were severely damaged or entirely destroyed.[76] A number of the smaller maar craters and tuff rings were also removed during earthworks. Most of the remaining volcanic centres are now preserved within recreational reserves administered by Auckland Council, the Department of Conservation, and the Tūpuna Maunga o Tāmaki Makaurau Authority.
The Auckland urban area, as defined by Statistics New Zealand, covers 605.67 km2 (233.85 sq mi).[3] The urban area has an estimated population of 1,478,800 as of June 2023, 28.3 percent of New Zealand's population. The city has a population larger than the entire South Island (1,225,000).[4]
The Auckland urban area had a usual resident population of 1,346,091 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 122,343 people (10.0%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 212,484 people (18.7%) since the 2006 census. There were 665,202 males and 680,886 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.977 males per female. Of the total population, 269,367 people (20.0%) were aged up to 15 years, 320,181 (23.8%) were 15 to 29, 605,823 (45.0%) were 30 to 64, and 150,720 (11.2%) were 65 or older.[77]
Many ethnic groups, since the late 20th century, have had an increasing presence in Auckland, making it by far the country's most cosmopolitan city. Historically, Auckland's population has been of majority European origin, though the proportion of those of Asian or other non-European origins has increased in recent decades due to the removal of restrictions directly or indirectly based on race. Europeans continue to make up the plurality of the city's population, but no longer constitute a majority after decreasing in proportion from 54.6% to 48.1% between the 2013 and 2018 censuses. Asians now form the second-largest ethnic group, making up nearly one-third of the population. Auckland is home to the largest ethnic Polynesian population of any city in the world, with a sizeable population of Pacific Islanders (Pasifika) and indigenous Māori people.[9][77]
At the 2018 census, 647,811 people (48.1%) living in the Auckland urban area were European/Pākehā, 424,917 (31.6%) were Asian, 235,086 (17.5%) were Pacific peoples, 154,620 (11.5%) were Māori, 33,672 (2.5%) were Middle Eastern, Latin American and/or African (MELAA), and 13,914 (1.0%) were other ethnicities (totals add to more than 100% since people could identify with multiple ethnicities).[77]
In terms of ethnic distribution, at the 2023 census the Pasifika population formed the majority in the Māngere-Ōtāhuhu local board area and the plurality in the Ōtara-Papaptoetoe and Manurewa local board areas. The Asian population formed the majority in the Howick and Puketāpapa local board areas and the plurality in the Whau local board area. Europeans formed the plurality in the Henderson-Massey, Maungakiekie-Tāmaki and Papakura local board areas, and formed the majority in the remaining 11 local board areas. Māori did not form a majority or plurality in any local board area but are in the highest concentrations in the Manurewa and Papakura local board areas.[78]
Immigration to New Zealand is heavily concentrated towards Auckland (partly for job market reasons). This strong focus on Auckland has led the immigration services to award extra points towards immigration visa requirements for people intending to move to other parts of New Zealand.[79] Immigration from overseas into Auckland is partially offset by the net emigration of people from Auckland to other regions of New Zealand.[80] In 2021 and 2022, Auckland recorded its only decreases in population, primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated lack of international migration.[81][82]
At the 2018 Census, 41.6 percent of the Auckland region's population were born overseas; in the local board areas of Upper Harbour, Waitematā, Puketāpapa and Howick, overseas-born residents outnumbered those born in New Zealand.[83] The most common birthplaces of overseas-born residents were mainland China (6.2%), India (4.6%), England (4.4%), Fiji (2.9%), Samoa (2.5%), South Africa (2.4%), Philippines (2.0%), Australia (1.4%), South Korea (1.4%), and Tonga (1.3%).[84] A study from 2016 showed Auckland has the fourth largest foreign-born population in the world, only behind Dubai, Toronto and Brussels, with 39% of its residents born overseas.[85]
Around 48.5 per cent of Aucklanders at the 2013 census affiliated with Christianity and 11.7 per cent affiliated with non-Christian religions, while 37.8 per cent of the population were irreligious and 3.8 per cent objected to answering. Roman Catholicism is the largest Christian denomination with 13.3 per cent affiliating, followed by Anglicanism (9.1 per cent) and Presbyterianism (7.4 per cent).[83]
Recent[when?] immigration from Asia has added to the religious diversity of the city, increasing the number of people affiliating with Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam and Sikhism, although there are no figures on religious attendance.[86] There is also a small, long-established Jewish community.[87]
Auckland is experiencing substantial population growth via immigration (two-thirds of growth) and natural population increases (one-third),[88] and is set to grow to an estimated 1.9 million inhabitants by 2031[89][90] in a medium-variant scenario. This substantial increase in population will have a huge impact on transport, housing and other infrastructure that are, particularly in the case of housing, that are considered to be under pressure already. The high-variant scenario shows the region's population growing to over two million by 2031.[91]
In July 2016, Auckland Council released, as the outcome of a three-year study and public hearings, its Unitary Plan for Auckland. The plan aims to free up to 30 percent more land for housing and allows for greater intensification of the existing urban area, creating 422,000 new dwellings in the next 30 years.[92]
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1951 | 263,370 | — |
1961 | 381,063 | +44.7% |
1971 | 548,293 | +43.9% |
1981 | 742,786 | +35.5% |
1991 | 816,927 | +10.0% |
2001 | 991,809 | +21.4% |
2006 | 1,074,453 | +8.3% |
2013 | 1,415,550 | +31.7% |
2018 | 1,571,718 | +11.0% |
2023 | 1,656,486 | +5.4% |
Source: NZ Census |
This section needs to be updated. (July 2020) |
Auckland's lifestyle is influenced by the fact that while it is 70 percent rural in land area, 90 percent of Aucklanders live in urban areas.[93]
Positive aspects of Auckland life are its mild climate, plentiful employment and educational opportunities, as well as numerous leisure facilities. Meanwhile, traffic problems, the lack of good public transport, and increasing housing costs have been cited by many Aucklanders as among the strongest negative factors of living there,[94] together with crime that has been rising in recent years.[95] Nonetheless, Auckland ranked third in a survey of the quality of life of 215 major cities of the world (2015 data).[96]
One of Auckland's nicknames, the "City of Sails", is derived from the popularity of sailing in the region.[1] 135,000 yachts and launches are registered in Auckland, and around 60,500 of the country's 149,900 registered yachtsmen are from Auckland,[97] with about one in three Auckland households owning a boat.[98] The Viaduct Basin, on the western edge of the CBD, hosted three America's Cup challenges (2000 Cup, 2003 Cup and 2021 Cup).[citation needed]
The Waitematā Harbour is home to several notable yacht clubs and marinas, including the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron and Westhaven Marina, the largest of the Southern Hemisphere.[97] The Waitematā Harbour has several swimming beaches, including Mission Bay and Kohimarama on the south side of the harbour, and Stanley Bay on the north side. On the eastern coastline of the North Shore, where the Rangitoto Channel divides the inner Hauraki Gulf islands from the mainland, there are popular swimming beaches at Cheltenham and Narrow Neck in Devonport, Takapuna, Milford, and the various beaches further north in the area known as East Coast Bays.[citation needed]
The west coast has popular surf beaches such as Piha, Muriwai and Te Henga (Bethells Beach). The Whangaparāoa Peninsula, Orewa, Ōmaha and Pākiri, to the north of the main urban area, are also nearby. Many Auckland beaches are patrolled by surf lifesaving clubs, such as Piha Surf Life Saving Club the home of Piha Rescue. All surf lifesaving clubs are part of the Surf Life Saving Northern Region.[citation needed]
Queen Street, Britomart, Ponsonby Road, Karangahape Road, Newmarket and Parnell are major retail areas. Major markets include those held in Ōtara and Avondale on weekend mornings. A number of shopping centres are located in the middle- and outer-suburbs, with Westfield Newmarket, Sylvia Park, Botany Town Centre and Westfield Albany being the largest.[citation needed]
A number of arts events are held in Auckland, including the Auckland Festival, the Auckland Triennial, the New Zealand International Comedy Festival, and the New Zealand International Film Festival. The Auckland Philharmonia is the city and region's resident full-time symphony orchestra, performing its own series of concerts and accompanying opera and ballet. Events celebrating the city's cultural diversity include the Pasifika Festival, Polyfest, and the Auckland Lantern Festival, all of which are the largest of their kind in New Zealand. Additionally, Auckland regularly hosts the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra and Royal New Zealand Ballet. Auckland is part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network in the category of music.[99]