Bayan-Ölgii Province

This article is about the aimag (province) in Mongolia. For other uses, see Ölgii (disambiguation).

Bayan-Ölgii (/ˈbaɪən ˈoʊlɡi/ BY-ən OHL-gee)^[a] is the westernmost of the 21 aimags (provinces) of Mongolia. The country's only Muslim and Kazakh-majority aimag, it was established in August 1940. Its capital is Ölgii.

Bayan-Ölgii Province Баян-Өлгий аймаг ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠠᠨ ᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ
Province
Ölgii
Flag Coat of arms
Coordinates: 48°18′N 89°30′E
Country	Mongolia
Established	1939
Capital	Ölgii
Government
• Governor	E. Zangar[1]
Area
• Total	45,704.89 km2 (17,646.76 sq mi)
Elevation	1,710 m (5,610 ft)
Population  (2020)
• Total	108,530
• Density	2.4/km2 (6.2/sq mi)
GDP [2]
• Total	MNT 659 billion US$ 0.2 billion (2022)
• Per capita	MNT 6,035,000 US$ 1,932 (2022)
Time zone	UTC+7
Area code	+976 (0)142
ISO 3166 code	MN-071
Vehicle registration	БӨ_
Website	www.bayan-olgii.gov.mn

Geography

The aimag is located in the extreme west of the country, and shares borders with both Russia and China. The border between the two neighbouring countries is very short here, though, and ends after about 40 km at the eastern end of Kazakhstan. Within Mongolia, the neighbouring aimags are Uvs in the north east and Khovd in the south east.

Lake Tolbo

Bayan-Ölgii is the highest Mongolian aimag. For the most part it is located in the Mongolian Altay, at the transition point to the Russian Altay. About 10% of the territory is covered by forests, consisting primarily of Siberian Larch.

The Nairamdal Peak (also Friendship Peak, Chinese: Youyi Feng) of the Altai Tavan Bogd (five saints mountain) massif mountain marks the corner between the three neighbouring countries. About 2.5 km further south on the Mongolian-Chinese border, the Khüiten Peak is the highest point of Mongolia at a height of 4,374 m. The massif includes several glaciers, such as the 19 km Potanin Glacier, and is only accessible to experienced climbers with local guidance.

The Khovd River (the longest in the western Mongolian Great Lakes Depression) has its origin in this aimag. It is fed by the three lakes Khoton, Khurgan, and Dayan, and in turn feeds the lake Khar-Us in the Khovd Aimag. The Tolbo Lake is a large saline lake about 50 km south of the aimag capital. It features clear and cold water on an elevation of 2,080 m.

National parks

The Altai Tavan Bogd National Park covers 6,362 km² and is located south of the highest mountain of Mongolia. It includes the lakes Khoton, Khurgan, and Dayan. The protected area offers a home for many species of alpine animal, such as the Argali sheep, Ibex, Red deer, Beech marten, Moose, Snow cock, and Golden eagle.

The Khökh Serkhiin Nuruu Protected Area (659 km²) and the Siilkhemiin Nuruu National Park (1,428 km²) are of similar character.

The Develiin Aral Natural Reserve (103 km²) is established around Develiin Island at the confluence of the rivers Lsan Khooloi and Khovd. Since 2000 it has provided protection for various birds and animals including pheasants, boars, and beavers.

The Tsambagarav Uul National Park includes 1,115 km² of land around the glaciers near the Khovd aimag and protects the snow leopards living there, among others.

Demographics

A road in the province

Most inhabitants of Bayan-Ölgii are Kazakhs (93%).^[3] The rest of the population is composed of Uriankhai, Dörvöd,^[4] Khalkha, Tsengel Tuvans, and Khoshuud. A significant portion of the population speaks Kazakh as their mother tongue and the Mongolian language only as a second language, if at all.

After democratization, many inhabitants moved to their historical homeland, Kazakhstan, assuming they would find a better future there. The result was a noticeable loss of population in 1991–1993, when approximately 80 thousand repatriated to Kazakhstan. A noticeable number of former immigrants have been returning, so that the population has risen again.^[5]

Bayan-Ölgii aimag population^{[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]}

1956 census	1960 est.	1963 census	1969 census	1975 est.	1979 census	1981 est.	1985 est.	1989 census	1991 est.	1993 est.	1995 est.	1998 est.	2000 census	2010 census	2020 census
38,800	44,600	47,800	58,100	66,600	71,400	74,500	82,400	90,900	102,817	75,043	82,259	87,341	94,094	88,056	108,530

Culture

Landscape in Bayan-Ölgii Province.

Further information: Islam in Mongolia

The culture of the Kazakh majority is strongly influenced by Islamic traditions. The Ulgii Central Mosque also houses the Islamic Center of Mongolia. It is placed at an unusual angle within the fabric of the city, because the building was oriented exactly towards Mecca. There is also a madrasah (Islamic school) at the same place.

The aimag is famous for the traditional practice of hunting with trained eagles.^{[13][14][15][16][17]} The captive eagles work in a similar way as hunting falcons do. While eagles are used for hunting in other parts of the world, particularly Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, the practice is most common in Bayan-Ölgii, where an estimated 80 percent of the world's eagle hunters live.^[18] The annual Golden Eagle Festival is held in Ölgii every October to display the skill of eagle hunters, with about 70 hunters participating per year.^[19][20]

Administrative subdivisions

Sums of Bayan-Ölgii

The Sums of Bayan-Ölgii aimag

Sum	Mongolian	Sum population (1985)[citation needed]	Sum population (1994)[21]	Sum population (2005)[7]	Sum population (2008)[11]	Sum population (2009)[12]	Sum centre population (2009)[12]	Area (km²)[22]	Density (/km²)	Distance from Ölgii city(km)
Altai	Алтай	3,400	3,237	3,914	3,659	3,811	973	3,163.56	1.20	112
Altantsögts	Алтанцөгц	3,300	3,038	3,038	3,114	3,080	826	1,786.10	1.72	43
Bayannuur	Баяннуур	4,800	4,507	5,320	5,012	5,033	1,784	2,339.50	2.15	126
Bugat	Бугат	3,300	2,777	3,604	3,741	3,642	1,161	2,049.10	1.78	6
Bulgan	Булган	5,000	5,115	5,901	5,827	5,528	944	4,977.33	1.11	294
Buyant	Буянт	2,300	2,546	3,002	2,683	2,514	653	1,845.67	1.36	72
Delüün	Дэлүүн	6,600	6,782	8,183	7,078	7,133	1,642	5,594.99	1.27	158
Nogoonnuur	Ногооннуур	7,500 *	6,331	6,539	6,566	6,375	2,165	3,818.60	0.57	92
Ölgii	Өлгий	24,000	21,569	28,248	28,496	28,448	28,448	100.92	281.89	0
Sagsai	Сагсай	4,100	3,746	5,185	5,174	5,089	1,375	3,139.99	1.62	27
Tolbo	Толбо	4,100	3,746	4,260	4,076	4,136	1,067	2,974.69	1.39	76
Tsagaannuur	Цагааннуур	-	1,878	1,528	1,452	1,473	1,473	1,403.34	1.05	69
Tsengel	Цэнгэл	6,700	6,539	8,364	8,305	8,348	2,028	6,463.17	1.29	79
Ulaankhus	Улаанхус	7,300	6,807	8,672	8,748	8,407	1,480	6,047.93	1.39	46

Economy

The main economy activity of the province is animal husbandry. In 2022, there were 2.3 million head of livestock in the province.^[23] In 2010, the GDP of the province is divided into agriculture (45%), services (40.2%) and industry (14.8%). In 2018, the province contributed to 1.15% of the total national GDP of Mongolia.^[24]

Governors

First secretaries Şymşyrūly Noğai (Kazakh: Шымшырұлы Ноғай; 1940–1942) Düzelbaiūly Jeñıshan (Kazakh: Дүзелбайұлы Жеңісхан; 1942) Ş. Vançinhű Arslan (Mongolian: Ш. Ванчинхүү арслан; 1943) Mälıkūly Qaşqynbai (Kazakh: Мәлікұлы Қашқынбай; 1943–1952) Mūhamädiūly Qūrmanhan (Kazakh: Мұхамәдиұлы Құрманхан; 1952–1953) Juanğanūly Rym (Kazakh: Жуанғанұлы Рым; 1953–1954) Mälıkūly Qaşqynbai (Kazakh: Мәлікұлы Қашқынбай; 1954–1957) Qamatjanūly Mūsahan (Kazakh: Қаматжанұлы Мұсахан; 1958–1962) B. Dulamragçá (Mongolian: Б. Дуламрагчаа; 1962–1966) B. Dejid (Mongolian: Б.Дэжид; 1966–1970) Ya Jigjid (Mongolian: Я. Жигжид; 1970–1976) L. Hürlé (Mongolian: Л. Хүрлээ; 1976–1980) Baitazaūly Qūrmetbek (Kazakh: Байтазаұлы Құрметбек; 1980–1999)

Chairmen of executive committee Bäjıūly Qabi (Kazakh: Бәжіұлы Қаби; 1940–1942) A. Begzjav (Mongolian: А. Бэгзжав; 1942–1943) Düzelbaiūly Jeñıshan (Kazakh: Дүзелбайұлы Жеңісхан; 1943–1950) Mūhamädiūly Qūrmanham (Kazakh: Мұхамәдиұлы Құрманхан; 1950–1952) Ç. Şagdar (Mongolian: Ч. Шагдар; 1952–1953) Mūhamädiūly Qūrmanham (Kazakh: Мұхамәдиұлы Құрманхан; 1954–1955) Şäbıūly Qabdyl (Kazakh: Шәбіұлы Қабдыл; 1955–1958) Juanğanūly Rym (Kazakh: Жуанғанұлы Рым; 1959–1970) Asqanbaiūly Sarai (Kazakh: Асқанбайұлы Сарай; 1970–1978) Qūsbekūly Qyzyrhan (Kazakh: Құсбекұлы Қызырхан; 1978–1989) T. Davájav (Mongolian: Т. Даваажав; 1989–1990)

After 1991 Küntuğanūly Mizamhan (Kazakh: Күнтуғанұлы Мизамхан; 1990–1996) Qadyrūly Meiram (Kazakh: Қадырұлы Мейрам; 1996–2000) Qabdysılämūly Bädelhan (Kazakh: Қабдысіләмұлы Бәделхан; 2000–2004) Omarūly Ğabsattar (Kazakh: Омарұлы Ғабсаттар; 2004–2007) Säkeiūly Qabyl (Kazakh: Сәкейұлы Қабыл; 2007–2012) Qūzkeiūly Därmen (Kazakh: Құзкейұлы Дәрмен; 2012–2016) Aiypūly Ğylymhan (Kazakh: Айыпұлы Ғылымхан; 2016–2020) Dalelūly Bauyrjan (Kazakh: Далелұлы Бауыржан; 2020-2023) Ahmediaūly Kameliat (Kazakh: Ахмедияұлы Камелият; 2023-present)

Transportation

The Ölgii Airport (ULG/ZMUL) has one runway, unpaved until 2011. It offers regular flights to Ulaanbaatar and irregular flights to Ulaangom and Mörön in Mongolia and Almaty in Kazakhstan.

A road connecting to Russia starts in Tsagaannuur.

The border with China is open only for a short time in the summer.

Notes

1. Mongolian: Баян-Өлгий, IPA: [ˈpajɴ ɵɮˈɟiː]; Oirat: Байн-Өлгий, IPA: [ˈpajɴ ɵlʲˈɡʲiː]; Kazakh: Бай-Өлке, romanized: Bai-Ölke, arabized: باي- ٴولكە, IPA: [ˌb̥aj‿ɵʎˈcʰe]; lit. 'Wealthy Region'