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Isotopes of bismuth

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Bismuth (83Bi) has 41 known isotopes, ranging from 184Bi to 224Bi. Bismuth has no stable isotopes, but does have one very long-lived isotope; thus, the standard atomic weight can be given as 208.98040(1). Although bismuth-209 is now known to be radioactive, it has classically been considered to be a stable isotope because it has a half-life of approximately 2.01×1019 years, which is more than a billion times the age of the universe. Besides 209Bi, the most stable bismuth radioisotopes are 210mBi with a half-life of 3.04 million years, 208Bi with a half-life of 368,000 years and 207Bi, with a half-life of 32.9 years, none of which occur in nature. All other isotopes have half-lives under 1 year, most under a day. Of naturally occurring radioisotopes, the most stable is radiogenic 210Bi with a half-life of 5.012 days. 210mBi is unusual for being a nuclear isomer with a half-life multiple orders of magnitude longer than that of the ground state.

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List of isotopes

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More information Nuclide, Historic name ...
  1. [n 1]
    mBi – Excited nuclear isomer.
  2. [n 2]
    ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  3. [n 3]
    # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
  4. [n 4]
    Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
  5. [n 5]
    Modes of decay:
    EC:Electron capture
    IT:Isomeric transition
    p:Proton emission
  6. [n 6]
    Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
  7. [n 7]
    ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
  8. [n 8]
    # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
  9. [n 9]
    Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.
  10. [N 10]
    Formerly believed to be final decay product of 4n+1 decay chain
  11. [N 11]
    Primordial radioisotope, also some is radiogenic from the extinct nuclide 237Np
  12. [N 12]
    Formerly believed to be the heaviest stable nuclide
  13. [N 13]
    Intermediate decay product of 238U
  14. [N 14]
    Theoretically capable of isomeric transition to 210Bi with a partial half-life of ~5.5×1020 years or β− decay to 210Po with a partial half-life over 1013 years.[7]
  15. [N 15]
    Intermediate decay product of 235U
  16. [N 16]
    Intermediate decay product of 232Th
  17. [N 17]
    Used in medicine such as for cancer treatment.
  18. [N 18]
    A byproduct of thorium reactors via 233U.
  19. [N 19]
    Intermediate decay product of 237Np
  20. [N 20]
    Theoretically capable of α decay to 211Tl; the branching ratio is expected to be ~8×10−5% (partial half-life ~18.1 y).[8]
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Bismuth-213

Bismuth-213 (213Bi) has a half-life of 45 minutes and decays via alpha emission. Commercially, bismuth-213 can be produced by bombarding radium with bremsstrahlung photons from a linear particle accelerator, which populates its progenitor actinium-225. In 1997, an antibody conjugate with 213Bi was used to treat patients with leukemia. This isotope has also been tried in targeted alpha therapy (TAT) program to treat a variety of cancers.[9] Bismuth-213 is also found in the decay chain of uranium-233, which is the fuel bred by thorium reactors.

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