Otodus chubutensis

Otodus chubutensis,^[1] meaning "ear-shaped tooth of Chubut", from Ancient Greek ὠτ (ōt, meaning "ear") and ὀδούς (odoús, meaning "tooth") – thus, "ear-shaped tooth", is an extinct species of prehistoric megatoothed sharks in the genus Otodus, lived from Early Miocene to Middle Miocene.^[2] The largest individuals were about 13.5 metres (44 ft) long. This shark is considered a close relative of the famous prehistoric megatoothed shark O. megalodon.^[3] However, as is the case with O. megalodon, the classification of this species is disputed.

Otodus chubutensis Temporal range: Early Miocene-Middle Miocene
Partially preserved O. chubutensis broken tooth with a slant height of 129 mm (5.1 in)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Chondrichthyes
Subclass:	Elasmobranchii
Division:	Selachii
Order:	Lamniformes
Family:	†Otodontidae
Genus:	†Otodus
Species:	†O. chubutensis
Binomial name
†Otodus chubutensis Ameghino, 1901
Synonyms
Carcharodon mexicanus Carcharocles chubutensis Carcharodon chubutensis Carcharodon productus Megaselachus chubutensis Glikman, 1964 Otodus subauriculatus Carcharocles subauriculatus Procarcharodon subauriculatus Carcharodon subauriculatus Agassiz, 1843 Carcharodon megalodon chubutensis Carcharodon megalodon indica Procarcharodon chubutensis Otodus turgidus Carcharocles turgidus Carcharodon turgidus Agassiz, 1839

Taxonomy

As is the case with other known megatoothed sharks, the genus of O. chubutensis remains in dispute.^[4] The Swiss naturalist Louis Agassiz first identified this shark as a species of Carcharodon in 1843.^[5] In 1906, Ameghino renamed this shark as Carcharodon chubutensis.^[6] In 1964, shark researcher, L. S. Glikman recognized the transition of Otodus obliquus to O. auriculatus. In 1987, shark researcher, H. Cappetta reorganized the O. auriculatus - O. megalodon lineage and placed all related megatoothed sharks along with this species in the genus Carcharocles ( now Otodus).^[7] Finally, the complete Otodus obliquus to O. megalodon progression became clear and has since gained the acceptance of many shark researchers.^[8]

Within the Otodus lineage; O. chubutensis is the succeeding species of O. angustidens and is followed by O. megalodon.^[3] In short, O. chubutensis is considered a possible ancestor of O. megalodon.^[3][8][9] However, due to its co-existence with O. megalodon during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs, it is regarded as a morpho-species.^[3]

Size

Otodus chubutensis was a large lamniform shark, with the largest individuals reaching a body length of 13.5 metres (44 ft).^[10] Relatively large individuals reached body lengths of 9–11 metres (30–36 ft).^[11] Smaller individuals were still about the size of the modern great white shark, reaching body lengths of 4.6–6.3 metres (15–21 ft).^[12]

Paleoecology

Paleontological research suggests that this species may have changed habitat preferences through time, or it may have had enough behavioral flexibility to occupy different environments at different times.^[13]

Diet

Otodus chubutensis was likely an apex predator and commonly preyed upon fish, sea turtles, cetaceans (e.g. whales), and sirenids.^[13]

There is also potential evidence that Otodus hunted raptorial sperm whales; a tooth belonging to an undetermined 4 m (13 ft) physeteroid closely resembling those of Acrophyseter discovered in the Nutrien Aurora Phosphate Mine in North Carolina suggests that a megalodon or O. chubutensis may have aimed for the head of the sperm whale in order to inflict a fatal bite, the resulting attack leaving distinctive bite marks on the tooth. While scavenging behavior cannot be ruled out as a possibility, the placement of the bite marks is more consistent with predatory attacks than feeding by scavenging, as the jaw is not a particularly nutritious area to for a shark feed or focus on. The fact that the bite marks were found on the tooth's roots further suggest that the shark broke the whale's jaw during the bite, suggesting the bite was extremely powerful. The fossil is also notable as it stands as the first known instance of an antagonistic interaction between a sperm whale and an otodontid shark recorded in the fossil record.^[14]

Fossil record

This species is also known from fossil teeth and some fossilized vertebral centra. Shark skeletons are composed of cartilage and not bone, and cartilage rarely gets fossilized. Hence, fossils of O. chubutensis are generally poorly preserved. Although the teeth of O. chubutensis are morphologically similar to teeth of O. megalodon,^[15] they are comparatively slender with curved crown, and with presence of lateral heels feebly serrated.^[13] Fossils of this species have been found in North America,^[13] South America,^[13] Africa,^[16] and Europe.^[17] Its fossils have also been discovered in Asia and Australia.^[18]

Locations

South America^[19]

• Pisco Formation and Chilcatay Formation, Peru
• Pirabas Formation, Brazil
• Jimol Formation, Colombia
• Cantaure Formation, Venezuela

North America

• Culebra Formation, Panama
• Arcadia Formation, Florida
• Pungo River Formation, North Carolina
• Calvert Formation, Delaware

Europe

• Bolognano Formation, Italy

See also

• List of prehistoric fish
• Largest prehistoric organisms