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Chinese famine of 1942–1943
1942–1943 famine in Henan, China From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Henan famine of 1942–1943 (Chinese: 河南大饑荒) occurred within the context of the Second Sino-Japanese War and resulted from a combination of natural and human factors. Anthony Garnaut put the death toll to be "well under one million", probably around 700,000,[1] while Lloyd Eastman two to three million starved to death.[2] 15 years later Henan was struck by the deadlier Great Chinese famine.[1]
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Famine
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Causes
The war had already ravaged Henan. In 1938 the Nationalist government flooded the Yellow River in an attempt to stop the advance of the Japanese, inundating eastern and central Henan, central Anhui and north-central Jiangsu. As many as 400,000 to 500,000 Northern Chinese civilians and Japanese soldiers died from famine, disease, and flooding. Environmental historian Micah S. Muscolino suggests that the deliberate flooding of the Yellow River in 1938 contributed to a total disruption of Henan's hydraulic and agricultural systems. In 1942 the spring and summer rains failed and locusts damaged the standing harvest, which greatly reduced the grain supply by the winter of that year.
The largest Japanese offensive of the war was Operation Ichigo. When it reached Henan in the spring of 1944, Japanese troops caused vast destruction.[3] Henan was divided into the eastern half of the province under occupation by Japan and the western half nominally under the authority of the Nationalist government based in Chongqing. Chinese and Japanese authorities continued to requisition grain to feed their soldiers. [4] They conscripted nearly a million unpaid men and women to maintain Yellow River dikes, coerced hundreds of thousands of farmers to collect grain in carts and wheelbarrows to feed the army, forced them to provide food for the army's animals, and to work on roads, and to dig a trench which did not stop the invaders.[2]
Theodore White's special report for Time magazine, published in March 1943, reached the American public.[5] Cannibalism was rife and parents sold their children just to survive.[6] Disease bred in these conditions, contributing greatly to the death toll.[7]
Rana Mitter places much of the blame on corrupt or incompetent local officials. He notes that Chiang announced a reduction in the grain quota for Henan, but the head of the Henan grain administration collected more than the quota demanded anyway. Officials in neighboring provinces refused to send their surplus grain to Henan.[8] In Runan County a grain storage system had been set up at the outbreak of war but officials had never actually stored the grain and used it instead to make private deals.[9] Theodore White described being invited to a feast by local authorities which included delicacies such as 'chicken, beef, water chestnut and three cakes with sugar frosting'.[10] The Chongqing government is, however, blamed for reacting slowly and sending paper money instead of food for relief.[11] Mitter notes that the famine can be seen as a consequence of the reduction of the Nationalist government's authority over the provinces as the war dragged on.[12] He also says that Chiang's government was also reluctant to press further for a reduction in the grain tax when national survival was at stake.[13]
Death toll
Anthony Garnaut, an historian at the University of Melbourne, puts the famine deaths to be "well under one million", probably around 700,000. The official count of 1,484,983, compiled in 1943, was grossly exaggerated as it included fertility loss (decline in births) and outward migration.[1] Quantitative calculations found that "fertility loss and excess deaths would have made a similar contribution to total population loss [of combined 1,484,983]", according to Garnaut.[1] Another common incorrect figure, 3 to 5 millions deaths, is "generally unsourced or based on the estimates of eyewitnesses such as Theodore White,[5] and without reference to detailed demographic data". Such high-end estimate tends to make the Great Chinese famine in 1959–1961 look less deadly in comparison.[1] Lloyd Eastman writes that two to three million died as a result of the famine, which caused a further 3,000,000 to leave the province as refugees.[2]
This table shows the county by county breakdown of the 1943 official count of 1,484,983. The figures are a useful comparison among counties of famine severity rather than as an accurate depiction of the death toll.[1]
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Political ramifications
When Chinese forces fled the overwhelming Japanese offensive, peasants in many locations disarmed and shot them, then welcomed the Japanese.[15] Local governments in Communist-controlled areas did reduce the grain quotas for those most affected by the drought. Mao Zedong exploited this 'obvious point of comparison' to portray his government as more benevolent than the Nationalist government.[13][16] The Communists were able to pursue this policy in part because they depended on guerilla warfare and did not need to maintain a standing army.[17]
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Legacy
The Chinese famine of 1942–1943 has been referred to as 'China's forgotten famine',[18] overshadowed by the war that took place around it and the Great Chinese Famine of 1958–1961. Novelist Liu Zhenyun says that there is a "collective amnesia" in Henan about the famine.[19] Interest in the event has rekindled in recent years, however, with the release of the film Back to 1942, adapted from Liu Zhenyun's novel Remembering 1942.[20]
See also
References
References and further reading
External links
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