Digital encoding of APL symbols
Code pages used specifically to write programs in the APL programming language From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The programming language APL uses a number of symbols, rather than words from natural language, to identify operations, similarly to mathematical symbols. Prior to the wide adoption of Unicode, a number of special-purpose EBCDIC and non-EBCDIC code pages were used to represent the symbols required for writing APL.
Character sets
Summarize
Perspective
Due to its origins on IBM Selectric-based teleprinters, APL symbols have traditionally been represented on the wire using a unique, non-standard character set. In the 1960s and 1970s, few terminal devices existed which could reproduce them, the most popular ones being the IBM 2741 and IBM 1050 fitted with a specific APL print head. Over time, with the universal use of high-quality graphic display, printing devices and Unicode support, the APL character font problem has largely been eliminated.
Character repertoire
IBM assigns the following character IDs (GCGIDs) to APL syntax, which are used in the definitions of its code pages.[1][2][3]
| GCGID[2] | IBM name[1][3] | Unicode | Notes and other mappings |
|---|---|---|---|
| SL010000 | Up Stile (APL) | U+2308 ⌈ LEFT CEILING | |
| SL020000 | Down Stile (APL) | U+230A ⌊ LEFT FLOOR | |
| SL030000 | Del (APL) | U+2207 ∇ NABLA | |
| SL040000 | Del Tilde (APL) | U+236B ⍫ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DEL TILDE | |
| SL050000 | Del Stile (APL) | U+2352 ⍒ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DEL STILE | |
| SL060000 | Delta (APL) | U+2206 ∆ INCREMENT | |
| SL070000 | Delta Stile (APL) | U+234B ⍋ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DELTA STILE | |
| SL080000 | Circle (APL) | U+25CB ○ WHITE CIRCLE[4][5][6][7] | This is SM750000 in a non-APL context, for example, in the C0 replacement graphics from code page 437,[8] which code pages 907, 909 and 910 inherit some or all of, retaining SM750000 in the C0 area and also including SL080000 outside of it.[9][10][11] Both map to U+25CB when APL is represented using Unicode characters, although SL080000 can be mapped to U+F890 in IBM's private use area scheme.[12] Compare SL590000 through SL620000 below. |
| SL090000 | Circle Stile (APL) | U+233D ⌽ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL CIRCLE STILE | |
| SL100000 | Circle Slope (APL) | U+2349 ⍉ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL CIRCLE BACKSLASH | |
| SL110000 | Circle Star (APL) | U+235F ⍟ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL CIRCLE STAR | |
| SL120000 | Circle Bar | U+2296 ⊖ CIRCLED MINUS | |
| SL130000 | Quad Quote (APL) | U+235E ⍞ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUOTE QUAD | |
| SL140000 | Quad Divide (APL) | U+2339 ⌹ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD DIVIDE | |
| SL150000 | Slash Bar (APL) | U+233F ⌿ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL SLASH BAR | |
| SL160000 | Slope Bar (APL) | U+2340 ⍀ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL BACKSLASH BAR | |
| SL170000 | Up Caret Tilde (APL) | U+2372 ⍲ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL UP CARET TILDE | |
| SL180000 | Down Caret Tilde (APL) | U+2371 ⍱ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DOWN CARET TILDE | |
| SL190000 | Down Tack Jot (APL)[a] | U+234E ⍎ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DOWN TACK JOT[a] | |
| SL200000 | Up Tack Jot (APL)[a] | U+2355 ⍕ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL UP TACK JOT[a] | |
| SL210000 | Up Shoe Null (APL) | U+235D ⍝ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL UP SHOE JOT | |
| SL220000 | Up Tack (APL)[a] | U+22A4 ⊤ DOWN TACK[a] | |
| SL230000 | Down Tack (APL)[a] | U+22A5 ⊥ UP TACK[a] | |
| SL240000 | Down Tack Up Tack (APL) | U+2336 ⌶ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL I-BEAM | |
| SL250000 | Jot (APL) | U+2218 ∘ RING OPERATOR | |
| SL260000 | Left Bracket Right Bracket (APL) | U+2337 ⌷ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL SQUISH QUAD | |
| SL270000 | Quad Jot (APL) | U+233B ⌻ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD JOT | |
| SL280000 | Quad Slope (APL) | U+2342 ⍂ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD BACKSLASH | |
| SL290000 | Ampersand Underbar[3] | Not used in any documented code page. Can be represented in Unicode with the sequence U+0026 U+0332 &̲ | |
| SL300000 | Equal Underbar (APL) | U+2261 ≡ IDENTICAL TO | |
| SL310000 | OUT Symbol (APL)[3] | none[b] | Not used in any IBM-documented code page. IBM's reference glyph resembles oblique underlined forms of the letters O, U and T overstruck in the same character position. |
| SL320000 | Diaeresis Dot (APL) | U+2235 ∵ BECAUSE | |
| SL330000 | Delta Underbar (APL) | U+2359 ⍙ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DELTA UNDERBAR | |
| SL340000 | Left Tack (APL)[a] | U+22A2 ⊢ RIGHT TACK[a] | |
| SL350000 | Right Tack (APL)[a] | U+22A3 ⊣ LEFT TACK[a] | |
| SL360000 | Quad (APL) | U+2395 ⎕ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD[4][5] | U+25AF ▯ WHITE VERTICAL RECTANGLE[3] |
| SL370000 | Less Greater (APL) | U+22C4 ⋄ DIAMOND OPERATOR[4][5] | U+25CA ◊ LOZENGE,[3] U+25C6 ◆ BLACK DIAMOND[6][16] |
| SL380000 | Stile (APL) | U+2223 ∣ DIVIDES[4][5] | U+2502 │ BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT VERTICAL,[6][16] U+007C | VERTICAL LINE[7] |
| SL400000 | Up Shoe (APL) | U+2229 ∩ INTERSECTION[4][5][7] | U+22C2 ⋂ N-ARY INTERSECTION[16][6] |
| SL410000 | Down Shoe (APL) | U+222A ∪ UNION[4][5][7] | U+22C3 ⋃ N-ARY UNION[16][6] |
| SL420000 | Left Shoe (APL) | U+2282 ⊂ SUBSET OF | |
| SL430000 | Right Shoe (APL) | U+2283 ⊃ SUPERSET OF | |
| SL440000 | Underbar (APL) | U+005F _ LOW LINE | |
| SL450000 | Diaeresis (APL) | U+00A8 ¨ DIAERESIS | |
| SL460000 | Tilde (APL) | U+223C ∼ TILDE OPERATOR[4][5] | U+F88F in IBM's private use area scheme.[12] Also mapped to U+007E ~ TILDE,[16][6][7] although SD190000 (U+007E in a non-APL context) co-occurs at 0xA1 (while SL460000 is at 0x80) in code page 213.[17] |
| SL480000 | Circle Plus | U+2295 ⊕ CIRCLED PLUS | |
| SL490000 | Circle x | U+2297 ⊗ CIRCLED TIMES | |
| SL500000 | Down Caret (APL) | U+2228 ∨ LOGICAL OR[16][6][4][5][3][7] | |
| SL510000 | Up Caret (APL) | U+2227 ∧ LOGICAL AND[4][5][7] | U+22C0 ⋀ N-ARY LOGICAL AND[16][6] |
| SL520000 | Less (APL) | U+003C < LESS-THAN SIGN | |
| SL530000 | Greater (APL) | U+003E > GREATER-THAN SIGN | |
| SL540000 | Divide (APL) | U+00F7 ÷ DIVISION SIGN | |
| SL550000 | Times (APL) | U+00D7 × MULTIPLICATION SIGN | |
| SL560000 | Not Greater (APL) | U+2264 ≤ LESS-THAN OR EQUAL TO | |
| SL570000 | Not Less (APL) | U+2265 ≥ GREATER-THAN OR EQUAL TO | |
| SL580000 | Quote Dot (APL) | U+0021 ! EXCLAMATION MARK[16][6][5][7] | U+F88E in IBM's private use area scheme.[12] SP020000 (U+0021 ! EXCLAMATION MARK in a non-APL context) co-occurs at 0x5A in code page 293 (SL580000 is at 0xDB in code pages 293 and 310).[17] Tachyonsoft lists U+01C3 ǃ LATIN LETTER RETROFLEX CLICK for SL580000.[4] |
| SL590000 | Left Arrow (APL) | U+2190 ← LEFTWARDS ARROW[4][5][6] | These arrows are SM300000, SM310000, SM320000 and SM330000 respectively in a non-APL context, for example, in the C0 replacement graphics from code page 437,[8] which code pages 907, 909 and 910 inherit some or all of. Their APL GCGIDs can be mapped to U+F88D, U+F88C, U+F88B and U+F88A respectively in IBM's private use area scheme.[12]
Code pages 907 and 910 keep the non-APL GCGIDs for the C0 replacements but use the APL GCGIDs where the arrows appear outside of the C0 area, while code page 909 uses the APL GCGIDs multiple times, both for the C0 replacements and for between one and two occurrences of each of these arrows outside of the C0 area.[9][10][11] Compare SL080000 above. Duplicating C0 replacement graphics outside of the C0 area is not an uncommon practice in DOS code pages: compare, for example, the pilcrow and section sign in code page 850. |
| SL600000 | Right Arrow (APL) | U+2192 → RIGHTWARDS ARROW[4][5][6] | |
| SL610000 | Up Arrow (APL) | U+2191 ↑ UPWARDS ARROW[4][5][6][7] | |
| SL620000 | Down Arrow (APL) | U+2193 ↓ DOWNWARDS ARROW[4][5][6][7] | |
| SL630000 | Overbar (APL) | U+203E ‾ OVERLINE | |
| SL640000 | Slope (APL) | U+005C \ REVERSE SOLIDUS[16][6][5][7] | U+F889 in IBM's private use area scheme.[12] Also mapped to U+2216 ∖ SET MINUS.[4] SM070000 (U+005C \ REVERSE SOLIDUS in a non-APL context) co-occurs at 0x5A (while SL640000 is at 0xB7) in code page 293.[17] |
| SL650000 | Star (APL) | U+22C6 ⋆ STAR OPERATOR[5] | U+002A * ASTERISK[18][7] |
| SL660000 | Quote (APL) | U+0027 ' APOSTROPHE | |
| SL670000 | Left Parenthesis (APL) | U+0028 ( LEFT PARENTHESIS | |
| SL680000 | Right Parenthesis (APL) | U+0029 ) RIGHT PARENTHESIS | |
| SL690000 | Bar (APL) | U+002D - HYPHEN-MINUS[18][5][6][7] | U+2212 − MINUS SIGN |
| SL700000 | Query (APL) | U+003F ? QUESTION MARK | U+F888 in IBM's private use area scheme.[12] |
| SL710000 | Alpha (APL) | U+237A ⍺ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL ALPHA[4][5] | U+03B1 α GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA[16][6] |
| SL720000 | Epsilon (APL) | U+220A ∊ SMALL ELEMENT OF[5][3][7] | U+03B5 ε GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON,[16][6] U+2208 ∈ ELEMENT OF[4] |
| SL730000 | Iota (APL) | U+2373 ⍳ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL IOTA[4][5] | U+03B9 ι GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA[16][6] |
| SL740000 | Rho (APL) | U+2374 ⍴ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL RHO[4][5] | U+03C1 ρ GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO[16][6] |
| SL750000 | Omega (APL) | U+2375 ⍵ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL OMEGA[4][5] | U+03C9 ω GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA[16][6] |
| SL760000 | Slash (APL) | U+002F / SOLIDUS | |
| SL770000 | Left Bracket (APL) | U+005B [ LEFT SQUARE BRACKET | |
| SL780000 | Right Bracket (APL) | U+005D ] RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET | |
| SL790000 | Plus (APL) | U+002B + PLUS SIGN | |
| SL800000 | Semicolon (APL) | U+003B ; SEMICOLON | |
| SL810000 | Equal (APL) | U+003D = EQUALS SIGN | |
| SL820000 | Not Equal (APL) | U+2260 ≠ NOT EQUAL TO | |
| SL830000 | Colon (APL) | U+003A : COLON[6][5] | Form with fullwidth attribute set (SL830080) is used for 0xA1C3 (i.e. U+2236 ∶ RATIO) in EUC-CN.[19] |
| SL840000 | Dot (APL) | U+002E . FULL STOP | |
| SL850000 | Comma (APL) | U+002C , COMMA | |
| SL860000 | Iota Underbar (APL) | U+2378 ⍸ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL IOTA UNDERBAR | |
| SL870000 | Epsilon Underbar (APL) | U+2377 ⍷ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL EPSILON UNDERBAR |
EBCDIC code pages
Code page 293
Code page 293 (CCSID 293),[20] called "APL (USA)", is an EBCDIC code page which includes APL symbols, in addition to preserving the basic Latin letters and Western Arabic numerals at their usual EBCDIC locations.[17][18]
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| 0x | NUL | SOH | STX | ETX | SEL | HT | RNL | DEL | GE | SPS | RPT | VT | FF | CR | SO | SI |
| 1x | DLE | DC1 | DC2 | DC3 | RES/ ENP |
NL | BS | POC | CAN | EM | UBS | CU1 | IFS | IGS | IRS | IUS/ ITB |
| 2x | DS | SOS | FS | WUS | BYP/ INP |
LF | ETB | ESC | SA | SFE | SM/ SW |
CSP | MFA | ENQ | ACK | BEL |
| 3x | SYN | IR | PP | TRN | NBS | EOT | SBS | IT | RFF | CU3 | DC4 | NAK | SUB | |||
| 4x | SP | 𝐴̲ | 𝐵̲ | 𝐶̲ | 𝐷̲ | 𝐸̲ | 𝐹̲ | 𝐺̲ | 𝐻̲ | 𝐼̲ | ¢ | . | < | ( | + | | |
| 5x | & | 𝐽̲ | 𝐾̲ | 𝐿̲ | 𝑀̲ | 𝑁̲ | 𝑂̲ | 𝑃̲ | 𝑄̲ | 𝑅̲ | ! | $ | ⋆/* | ) | ; | ¬ |
| 6x | -/− | / | 𝑆̲ | 𝑇̲ | 𝑈̲ | 𝑉̲ | 𝑊̲ | 𝑋̲ | 𝑌̲ | 𝑍̲ | ¦ | , | % | _ | > | ? |
| 7x | ⋄/◊/◆ | ∧/⋀ | ¨ | ⌻ | ⍸ | ⍷ | ⊢ | ⊣ | ∨ | ` | :/∶ | # | @ | ' | = | " |
| 8x | ∼/~ | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | ↑ | ↓ | ≤ | ⌈ | ⌊ | → |
| 9x | ⎕ | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | ⊃ | ⊂ | ○ | ← | ||
| Ax | ‾ | ~ | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z | ∩/⋂ | ∪/⋃ | ⊥ | [ | ≥ | ∘ |
| Bx | ⍺/α | ∊/ε/∈ | ⍳/ι | ⍴/ρ | ⍵/ω | × | \/∖ | ÷ | ∇ | ∆ | ⊤ | ] | ≠ | ∣/│ | ||
| Cx | { | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | ⍲ | ⍱ | ⌷ | ⌽ | ⍂ | ⍉ |
| Dx | } | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | ⌶ | !/ǃ | ⍒ | ⍋ | ⍞ | ⍝ |
| Ex | \ | ≡ | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | ⌿ | ⍀ | ∵ | ⊖ | ⌹ | ⍕ |
| Fx | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | ⍫ | ⍙ | ⍟ | ⍎ | EO |
Differences from Code page 37
Code page 310
Code page 310 ("Graphic Escape APL/TN") includes a larger gamut of symbols, but does not itself include the basic Latin letters or the basic digits.[22][4] It is used alongside Code page 37-2,[23] with the Code page 310 codes being prefixed by the Graphic Escape (EBCDIC 0x08)[24] control character.[6][25]
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| 0x | ||||||||||||||||
| 1x | ||||||||||||||||
| 2x | ||||||||||||||||
| 3x | ||||||||||||||||
| 4x | SP | 𝐴̲ | 𝐵̲ | 𝐶̲ | 𝐷̲ | 𝐸̲ | 𝐹̲ | 𝐺̲ | 𝐻̲ | 𝐼̲ | ||||||
| 5x | 𝐽̲ | 𝐾̲ | 𝐿̲ | 𝑀̲ | 𝑁̲ | 𝑂̲ | 𝑃̲ | 𝑄̲ | 𝑅̲ | |||||||
| 6x | 𝑆̲ | 𝑇̲ | 𝑈̲ | 𝑉̲ | 𝑊̲ | 𝑋̲ | 𝑌̲ | 𝑍̲ | ||||||||
| 7x | ◊/⋄/◆ | ∧/⋀ | ¨ | ⌻ | ⍸ | ⍷ | ⊢ | ⊣ | ∨ | |||||||
| 8x | ∼/~ | ║ | ═ | ⎸ | ⎹ | │/⎥ | ↑ | ↓ | ≤ | ⌈ | ⌊ | → | ||||
| 9x | ⎕ | ▌ | ▐ | ▀ | ▄ | █/■ | ⊃ | ⊂ | ⌑/¤ | ○ | ± | ← | ||||
| Ax | ¯/‾ | ° | ─ | ∙/• | ₙ | ∩/⋂ | ∪/⋃ | ⊥ | [ | ≥ | ∘ | |||||
| Bx | ⍺/α | ∊/∈/ε | ⍳/ι | ⍴/ρ | ⍵/ω | × | ∖/\ | ÷ | ∇ | ∆ | ⊤ | ] | ≠ | ∣/│ | ||
| Cx | { | ⁽ | ⁺/+ | ■/∎ | └ | ┌ | ├ | ┴ | § | ⍲ | ⍱ | ⌷ | ⌽ | ⍂ | ⍉ | |
| Dx | } | ⁾ | ⁻/- | ┼ | ┘ | ┐ | ┤ | ┬ | ¶ | ⌶ | ǃ/! | ⍒ | ⍋ | ⍞ | ⍝ | |
| Ex | ≡ | ₁ | ₂ | ₃ | ⍤[d] | ⍥[d] | ⍪[d] | €[d] | ⌿ | ⍀ | ∵ | ⊖ | ⌹ | ⍕ | ||
| Fx | ⁰ | ¹ | ² | ³ | ⁴ | ⁵ | ⁶ | ⁷ | ⁸ | ⁹ | ⍫ | ⍙ | ⍟ | ⍎ |
Code page 351
Code page 351 ("GDDM Default (USA)")[27] contains most of the characters of Code page 293 and Code page 310 (except ⍷, epsilon with underline) in addition to the letters and digits, by replacing several control characters with symbols.
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| 0x | NUL | { | HT | ▀ | ⎹ | FF | CR | |||||||||
| 1x | NL | BS | ▌ | █ | ▐ | │ | ┐ | ┌ | └ | ┘ | ||||||
| 2x | ⁽ | ⁾ | ⁺ | ⁻ | } | LF | ⍸ | ║ | ▄ | ═ | ⎸ | § | ┼ | ─ | ⊢ | ⊣ |
| 3x | ⁰ | ¹ | ² | ³ | ⁴ | ⁵ | ⁶ | ⁷ | ⁸ | ⁹ | ¶ | ┬ | ├ | ┴ | ┤ | |
| 4x | SP | 𝐴̲ | 𝐵̲ | 𝐶̲ | 𝐷̲ | 𝐸̲ | 𝐹̲ | 𝐺̲ | 𝐻̲ | 𝐼̲ | ¢ | . | < | ( | + | | |
| 5x | & | 𝐽̲ | 𝐾̲ | 𝐿̲ | 𝑀̲ | 𝑁̲ | 𝑂̲ | 𝑃̲ | 𝑄̲ | 𝑅̲ | ! | $ | * | ) | ; | ¬ |
| 6x | - | / | 𝑆̲ | 𝑇̲ | 𝑈̲ | 𝑉̲ | 𝑊̲ | 𝑋̲ | 𝑌̲ | 𝑍̲ | ¦ | , | % | _ | > | ? |
| 7x | ⋄ | ∧ | ¨ | ₁ | ₂ | ₃ | ₙ | ° | ∨ | ` | : | # | @ | ' | = | " |
| 8x | ∼ | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | ↑ | ↓ | ≤ | ⌈ | ⌊ | → |
| 9x | ⎕ | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | ⊃ | ⊂ | ⌑ | ○ | ± | ← |
| Ax | ¯ | ~ | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z | ∩ | ∪ | ⊥ | [ | ≥ | ∘ |
| Bx | ⍺ | ∈/∊ | ⍳ | ⍴ | ⍵ | ■ | × | ∖ / \ | ÷ | ∙ | ∇ | ∆ | ⊤ | ] | ≠ | ∣ |
| Cx | { | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | ⍲ | ⍱ | ⌷ | ⌽ | ⍂ | ⍉ |
| Dx | } | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | ⌶ | ǃ/! | ⍒ | ⍋ | ⍞ | ⍝ |
| Ex | \ | ≡ | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | ⌿ | ⍀ | ∵ | ⊖ | ⌹ | ⍕ |
| Fx | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | ⌻ | ⍫ | ⍙ | ⍟ | ⍎ |
7-bit modified ASCII
Code page 371 (IR-68)
Code page 371,[28] registered for use with ISO/IEC 2022 as ISO-IR-68,[29][5] is a 7-bit heavily modified ASCII, designed by the APL Working Group of the Canadian Standards Association, intended for use with APL in an environment allowing overstriking of characters using the BS (backspace, 0x08) control code.[29][5]
8-bit modified and/or extended ASCII
Code page 907
Code page 907 is used by the IBM 3812, like code page 906.
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| 0x | ☺ | ☻ | ♥ | ♦ | ♣ | ♠ | • | ◘ | ○ | ◙ | ♂ | ♀ | ♪ | ♬ | ☼ | |
| 1x | ► | ◄ | ↕ | ‼ | ¶ | § | ▬ | ↨ | ↑ | ↓ | → | ← | ∟ | ↔ | ▲ | ▼ |
| 2x | SP | !/ǃ | " | # | $ | % | & | ' | ( | ) | ⋆/* | + | , | -/− | . | / |
| 3x | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | :/∶ | ; | < | = | > | ? |
| 4x | @ | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O |
| 5x | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | [ | \/∖ | ] | ∧/⋀ | _ |
| 6x | ` | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o |
| 7x | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z | { | ∣/│ | } | ∼/~ | ⌂ |
| 8x | 𝐴̲ | 𝐵̲ | 𝐶̲ | 𝐷̲ | 𝐸̲ | 𝐹̲ | 𝐺̲ | 𝐻̲ | 𝐼̲ | 𝐽̲ | 𝐾̲ | 𝐿̲ | 𝑀̲ | 𝑁̲ | 𝑂̲ | 𝑃̲ |
| 9x | ⎕ | ⍞ | ⌹ | 𝑄̲ | 𝑅̲ | 𝑆̲ | 𝑇̲ | 𝑈̲ | ⊤ | 𝑉̲ | 𝑊̲ | ¢ | 𝑋̲ | ⊥ | ← | ⌶ |
| Ax | 𝑌̲ | 𝑍̲ | ⌈ | ¬ | → | ∪/⋃ | ⍕ | ⍎ | ||||||||
| Bx | ░ | ▒ | ▓ | │ | ┤ | ⍷ | ⍸ | ≡ | ∵ | ╣ | ║ | ╗ | ╝ | ⍂ | ⌻ | ┐ |
| Cx | └ | ┴ | ┬ | ├ | ─ | ┼ | ⌷ | ╚ | ╔ | ╩ | ╦ | ╠ | ═ | ╬ | ||
| Dx | ↑ | ↓ | ⍟ | ∆ | ∇ | ⌊ | ┘ | ┌ | █ | ▄ | ▌ | ▐ | ▀ | |||
| Ex | ⍺/α | ß | ⊂ | ⊃ | ⍝ | ⍲ | ⍴/ρ | ⍱ | ⌽ | ⊖ | ○ | ∨ | ⍳/ι | ⍉ | ∊/ε/∈ | ∩/⋂ |
| Fx | ⌿ | ⍀ | ≥ | ≤ | ≠ | × | ÷ | ⍙ | ∘ | ⍵/ω | ⍫ | ⍋ | ⍒ | ‾ | ¨ | NBSP |
Code page 909
Code page 909 is another encoding for APL, differing from code page 907 in not including the underlined characters, assigning different codes to the APL characters which fall in the 0xB0–DF range, and replacing some of the C0 replacement graphics from code page 437 with alternative encodings for certain APL symbols.
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| 0x | ⍷ | ⍸ | ♥ | ♦ | ♣ | ♠ | • | ◘ | ○ | ◙ | ≡ | ♀ | ♪ | ♬ | ⍟ | |
| 1x | ► | ◄ | ∵ | ⌷ | ¶ | § | ⍂ | ⌻ | ↑ | ↓ | → | ← | ⌊ | ↔ | ∆ | ∇ |
| 2x | SP | !/ǃ | " | # | $ | % | & | ' | ( | ) | ⋆/* | + | , | -/− | . | / |
| 3x | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | :/∶ | ; | < | = | > | ? |
| 4x | @ | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O |
| 5x | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | [ | \/∖ | ] | ∧/⋀ | _ |
| 6x | ` | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o |
| 7x | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z | { | ∣/│ | } | ∼/~ | ⌂ |
| 8x | Ç | ü | é | â | ä | à | å | ç | ê | ë | è | ï | î | ì | Ä | Å |
| 9x | ⎕ | ⍞ | ⌹ | ô | ö | ò | û | ù | ⊤ | Ö | Ü | £ | ⊥ | ← | ⌶ | |
| Ax | á | í | ó | ú | ñ | Ñ | ª | º | ¿ | ⌈ | ¬ | → | ∪/⋃ | ¡ | ⍕ | ⍎ |
| Bx | ░ | ▒ | ▓ | │ | ┤ | ⍟ | ∆ | ∇ | → | ╣ | ║ | ╗ | ╝ | ← | ⌊ | ┐ |
| Cx | └ | ┴ | ┬ | ├ | ─ | ┼ | ↑ | ↓ | ╚ | ╔ | ╩ | ╦ | ╠ | ═ | ╬ | ≡ |
| Dx | ⍸ | ⍷ | ∵ | ⌷ | ⍂ | ⌻ | ⊢ | ⊣ | ⋄/◊/◆ | ┘ | ┌ | █ | ▄ | ▀ | ||
| Ex | ⍺/α | ß | ⊂ | ⊃ | ⍝ | ⍲ | ⍴/ρ | ⍱ | ⌽ | ⊖ | ○ | ∨ | ⍳/ι | ⍉ | ∊/ε/∈ | ∩/⋂ |
| Fx | ⌿ | ⍀ | ≥ | ≤ | ≠ | × | ÷ | ⍙ | ∘ | ⍵/ω | ⍫ | ⍋ | ⍒ | ‾ | ¨ | NBSP |
Code page 910
Code page 910 is similar to code page 909, but with fewer duplicate horizontal arrows, using the same C0 graphics as code page 437, and including some additional characters.
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| 0x | ☺ | ☻ | ♥ | ♦ | ♣ | ♠ | • | ◘ | ○ | ◙ | ♂ | ♀ | ♪ | ♬ | ☼ | |
| 1x | ► | ◄ | ↕ | ‼ | ¶ | § | ▬ | ↨ | ↑ | ↓ | → | ← | ∟ | ↔ | ▲ | ▼ |
| 2x | SP | !/ǃ | " | # | $ | % | & | ' | ( | ) | ⋆/* | + | , | -/− | . | / |
| 3x | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | :/∶ | ; | < | = | > | ? |
| 4x | @ | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O |
| 5x | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | [ | \/∖ | ] | ∧/⋀ | _ |
| 6x | ` | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o |
| 7x | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z | { | ∣/│ | } | ∼/~ | ⌂ |
| 8x | Ç | ü | é | â | ä | à | å | ç | ê | ë | è | ï | î | ì | Ä | Å |
| 9x | ⎕ | ⍞ | ⌹ | ô | ö | ò | û | ù | ⊤ | Ö | Ü | ø | £ | ⊥ | ₧ | ⌶ |
| Ax | á | í | ó | ú | ñ | Ñ | ª | º | ¿ | ⌈ | ¬ | ½ | ∪/⋃ | ¡ | ⍕ | ⍎ |
| Bx | ░ | ▒ | ▓ | │ | ┤ | ⍟ | ∆ | ∇ | → | ╣ | ║ | ╗ | ╝ | ← | ⌊ | ┐ |
| Cx | └ | ┴ | ┬ | ├ | ─ | ┼ | ↑ | ↓ | ╚ | ╔ | ╩ | ╦ | ╠ | ═ | ╬ | ≡ |
| Dx | ⍸ | ⍷ | ∵ | ⌷ | ⍂ | ⌻ | ⊢ | ⊣ | ⋄/◊/◆ | ┘ | ┌ | █ | ▄ | ¦ | Ì | ▀ |
| Ex | ⍺/α | ß | ⊂ | ⊃ | ⍝ | ⍲ | ⍴/ρ | ⍱ | ⌽ | ⊖ | ○ | ∨ | ⍳/ι | ⍉ | ∊/ε/∈ | ∩/⋂ |
| Fx | ⌿ | ⍀ | ≥ | ≤ | ≠ | × | ÷ | ⍙ | ∘ | ⍵/ω | ⍫ | ⍋ | ⍒ | ‾ | ¨ | NBSP |
Unicode
Most APL symbols are present in Unicode, in the Miscellaneous Technical range,[30] although some APL products may not yet feature Unicode, and some APL symbols may be unused or unavailable in a given vendor's implementation.
As of 2010, Unicode allows APL to be stored in text files, published in print and on the web, and shared through email and instant messaging. Entering APL characters still requires the use of either a specific input method editor or keyboard mapping, or of a specific touch interface. APL keyboard mappings are available for free for the most common operating systems, or can be obtained by adding the Unicode APL symbols to existing keyboard map.
Underscored alphabetic characters
Missing from Unicode are the traditional underscored alphabetic characters included in some of the APL code pages; their usage has been eliminated or deprecated in most APL implementations. These were produced on APL printing terminals by over-striking a straight capital letter with an underscore character. Some tables show them simulated with underlined and italic markup, not listing Unicode mappings.[4]
IBM assigns them GCGIDs as "LA480000" (which they name "A Line Below Capital/A Underscore (APL)"), "LB480000" ("B Line Below Capital/B Underscore (APL)") and so forth, under the "L" series used for Latin letters.[1] The use of an even number (48) rather than an odd number (47) is due to being uppercase: compare the use of SD110000 for a lone acute accent ´, LA110000 for the lowercase á, and LA120000 for the uppercase Á.[31] They are included in IBM's private use area scheme, encoded in reverse‑alphabetical order in the odd-numbered code points from U+F8BF to U+F8F1.[12]
Homologous uses of 47 include the "SD" (diacritic) series GCGID SD470000 for "Line Below/Discontinuous Underscore"[32]—i.e. macron below, distinct from the ASCII underscore which is SP090000 ("Underline/Continuous Underscore")[31]—and the "A" (Arabic letter) series GCGID AD470009 for the ḏāl,[33] for example. Unicode's Latin Extended Additional block includes the following capital "Line Below" characters with the macron below diacritic, for Semitic transcription (it includes a pre-composed ẖ only in lowercase):
- U+1E06 Ḇ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B WITH LINE BELOW
- U+1E0E Ḏ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH LINE BELOW
- U+1E34 Ḵ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K WITH LINE BELOW
- U+1E3A Ḻ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH LINE BELOW
- U+1E48 Ṉ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH LINE BELOW
- U+1E5E Ṟ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH LINE BELOW
- U+1E6E Ṯ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH LINE BELOW
- U+1E94 Ẕ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH LINE BELOW
However, this does not cover the entire ISO basic Latin alphabet, and IBM's reference glyphs for the APL characters show them both underlined and oblique,[2] and tables simulating them with markup may follow suit.[4] Unicode's Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols block includes italic characters for use in notations where they are contrastive with non-italic characters. Unicode also includes combining forms of the macron below and underscore in the Combining Diacritical Marks block; the characters above canonically decompose with the former:
- U+0331 ◌̱ COMBINING MACRON BELOW
- U+0332 ◌̲ COMBINING LOW LINE
Keyboard layout
Summarize
Perspective
Note the mnemonics associating an APL character with a letter: ? (question mark) on Q, ⋆ (power) on P, ρ (rho) on R, ⊥ (base value) on B, ⊤ (eNcode) on N, ∣ (modulus) on M and so on. This makes it easier for an English-language speaker to type APL on a non-APL keyboard, providing one has visual feedback on one's screen. Also, decals have been produced for attachment to standard keyboards, either on the front of the keys or on the top of them.
Later IBM terminals, notably the IBM 3270 display stations, had an alternate keyboard arrangement which is the basis for some of the modern APL keyboard layouts in use today.
Further APL characters were available by overstriking one character with another. For example, the log symbol (⍟) was formed by overstriking ⇧ Shift+P with ⇧ Shift+O. This extended the graphic abilities of the earlier teleprinters, but made it more complex to correct errors and edit program lines.
New overstrikes were introduced by vendors as they produced versions of APL tailored to specific hardware, system features, file systems, and so on. Further, printing terminals and early APL cathode-ray terminals were able to display arbitrary overstrikes, but as personal computers rapidly replaced terminals as a data-entry device, APL character support became provided as an APL Character Generator ROM or a soft character set rendered by the display device. With the advent of the modern PC, APL characters were defined in specific fonts, eliminating the distinction between overstruck characters and standard characters.
Finally, the symbols were ratified in Unicode and given specific code points, with unambiguous interpretations, independently of the graphic font.
See also
Footnotes
- There are two naming conventions (which way around "up" and "down" are, and which way around "left" and "right" are) for tack characters, the "London" and "Bosworth" conventions.[13] Which convention is used differs between IBM and Unicode. Naming also differs between composite Unicode characters intended solely for APL (which match IBM naming and use the Bosworth convention) versus plain tacks also intended for other applications (which use the London convention).[13][14] APL specifications subsequently adopted the London convention.[14] The documentation for Dyalog APL notes that the Unicode naming for composite tacks (and thus the IBM naming for all tacks), which follows the lesser-used "Bosworth" convention,[13] runs contrary to convention in the APL community.[7]
- Unicode 1.0 had the "APL out" character at U+2301, but it was removed in Unicode 1.0.1.[15]
- Sharp extension.[6]
References
External links
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