Commercial fusion

Commercial fusion is a term used to refer to privately owned companies whose aim is to sell electricity produced by nuclear fusion. The industry now consists of over 40 companies that have attracted a combined total of more than $7 billion in investment.^[1][2]

Commercial fusion companies

Company	Year founded	Method	Fuel	Notes
Acceleron Fusion (formerly NK Labs, LLC)	2023 (NK Labs founded 2008)	Muon-catalyzed fusion	deuterium–tritium	[3][4]
Avalanche Energy	2018	Hybrid: colliding beam, electrostatic confinement	deuterium–tritium	[5]
Blue Laser Fusion	2022	Inertial confinement	proton–boron	[6]
Commonwealth Fusion Systems	2018	Magnetic confinement	deuterium–tritium	[7]
Compact Fusion Systems, Inc.	2018			[citation needed]
Crossfield Fusion Ltd	2019	Closed orbit, velocity resonant systems		Reactor development canceled 2021.[8][9]
CTFusion Inc	2015			Ceased trading in 2023.[10]
Deutelio	2022	Magnetic confinement	deuterium–deuterium	[9]
Electric Fusion Systems, Inc.	2020	Rydberg matter fuel-based fusion	proton–lithium7	[11]
EMC2 Fusion	1985	Polywell		[12][13]
Energy Singularity Fusion Power Technology	2021	Magnetic confinement	deuterium–tritium	[14]
ENN Energy	2018	Magnetic confinement	proton–boron	[15][7]
EX-Fusion	2021	Inertial confinement	deuterium–tritium	[16]
First Light Fusion	2011	Inertial confinement	deuterium–tritium	[17][18][9][19][7]
Focused Energy	2021	Inertial confinement	deuterium–tritium	[20][9][19][21]
Fuse	2019	Magneto-inertial	deuterium–tritium	[citation needed]
Fusion Power Corporation	2016	Heavy ion fusion	deuterium–tritium	Dissolved in 2019.[22]
Gauss Fusion	2022	Magnetic confinement	deuterium–tritium	[9]
General Atomics Fusion Division	2022	Magnetic confinement	deuterium–tritium	[23]
General Fusion	2002	Magneto-inertial	deuterium–tritium	[7]
HB11 Energy	2017	Non-thermal laser fusion	proton–boron	[24][25][26]
Helical Fusion	2021	Magnetic confinement	deuterium–tritium	[16]
HelicitySpace Corporation	2018	Magneto-inertial	deuterium–deuterium	For spaceflight uses[27]
Helion Energy	2013	Magneto-inertial	deuterium–helium3	[28]
Horne Technologies	2008	Hybrid confinement: magnetic, electrostatic	deuterium–deuterium, proton–boron	[29][better source needed]
HyperJet Fusion				[7]
KMS Fusion	1969	Inertial confinement	deuterium–tritium	Closed in 1991[30]
Kyoto Fusioneering	2019		deuterium–tritium	[16][31]
LaserFusionX	2022	Inertial confinement	deuterium–tritium	[21]
Lockheed Martin	2010			[32][7]
Longview Fusion Energy Systems	2021	Inertial confinement	deuterium–tritium	[19][21]
LPP Fusion, Inc.[citation needed]	2003	Magnetic confinement pinch	proton–boron	Also known as "Lawrenceville Plasma Physics"; see Eric J. Lerner article
Magneto Inertial Fusion Technology Inc. (MIFTI)	2009	Magneto-inertial	deuterium–tritium	Division of US Nuclear Corp[33]
Marvel Fusion	2019	Inertial confinement	proton–boron	[9][21]
Norront Fusion Energy	2017	Muon-catalyzed fusion		[34]
NT-Tao	2019	Magnetic confinement	deuterium–tritium	[35]
NearStar Fusion	2021	Magneto-inertial	deuterium–tritium, deuterium–deuterium, proton–boron	[36][37]
Novatron Fusion Group AB	2019	Magnetic confinement	deuterium–tritium	[38][39][40]
OpenStar Technologies	2021	Magnetic confinement	deuterium–deuterium (tritium suppressed)	[citation needed]
Princeton Fusion Systems	1992	Magnetic confinement	deuterium–helium3	[41][7]
Proxima Fusion	2023	Magnetic confinement	deuterium–tritium	[9]
Realta Fusion	2022	Magnetic confinement	deuterium–tritium	[42][43]
Renaissance Fusion	2021	Magnetic confinement	deuterium–tritium	[9]
Stellarex, Inc	2022	Magnetic confinement	deuterium–tritium	[31]
SHINE Technologies	2005	Magneto-electrostatic confinement	deuterium–tritium	SHINE's focus is radioisotope production, not energy.[44][45]
TAE Technologies	1998	Magnetic confinement	proton–boron	formerly Tri Alpha Energy[7]
Thea Energy (formerly Princeton Stellarators)	2022	Magnetic confinement	deuterium–tritium	[31]
Tokamak Energy	2009	Magnetic confinement	deuterium–tritium	[31]
Type One Energy Group	2019	Magnetic confinement	deuterium–tritium	[43]
Ultrafusion Nuclear Power				Merged with Norront Fusion AS in 2018.[34]
Xcimer Energy Inc.	2022	Inertial confinement	deuterium–tritium	[19]
Zap Energy	2017	Magnetic confinement pinch	deuterium–tritium	[28]

First fusion electricity to the grid

Commercial fusion companies predict that fusion power is roughly 10 years away

For decades researchers have famously said that fusion power is always 30, or even 50, years away.^[46][47] The advent of commercial fusion has changed that, and now fusion power is typically predicted to be around 10 years away, with most companies predicting that the first fusion plant will deliver electricity to the grid before 2035.^[48] Although the majority of the companies have only existed for a few years, some have already failed to deliver on their predictions. General Fusion first predicted that it would deliver electricity to the grid by 2009.^[49]